Principles of Econometrics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Principles of Econometrics - Coursework ExampleRandom assignment does not guarantee that the assemblages are matched or equivalent, only that any differences are due to chance.Control group is a valid counterfactual since it is a proof that your experiment had a specific outcome. At the end of the experiment, you have the results for the control group (the group where no intervention/treatment was applied) and the results for the group(s) where an intervention/treatment was applied. We only get useful information only when we compare those deuce sets of results.TheHawthorne effect(also referred to as theobserver effect) refers to aphenomenonwhereby individuals improve or interchange an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observedMulticollinearity(alsocollinearity) is a statistical phenomenon in which two or more predictor shiftingsin amultiple regression place are highlycorrelated, meaning that one can be linearly predicted from the others with a non- trivial degree of accuracy. In this post thecoefficient estimatesof the multiple regression may change erratically in response to small changes in the model or the data.(a) Explain what is meant by monetary standardment error and how does it cause endogeneity bias? (4 marks)When the measurement error is in the dependent variable, the zero conditional mean assumption is not violated and thus no endogeneity. However, when the measure error is in the independent variable, the problem of endogeneity arises.Suppose that . Explain how an instrumental variables regression estimated using two stage least squares (TSLS) can be used to obtain consistent estimates of the regression coefficients. (7 marks)Instrumental variable (IVs) methods especially using

Achieving Sustainable Development in Construction Essay - 1

Achieving Sustainable Development in Construction - Essay drillIn UK planning system, the notion of sustainable learning is thoroughly expressed from guinea pig level, through the regional level, and finally touching the Local Development Framework. Nevertheless, how far a principle of sustainable development is adhered to in local planning could be different from one area to the other. The concept of sustainable development brush aside be traced from various meetings held during the 1970s and 1980s. The 1972 UN Stockholm Conference on the clement environment was one such initiative taken for the first time on ball-shaped scale oer the negative impacts of human functions causing harm to the environment. The concept of environmental security was advanced through the 1980 World Conservation scheme planned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in collaboration with the UN Environment architectural plan and the World Wildlife Fund, for the welfare of mankind. Later, in 1987, the UN-sponsored Bruntland Commission issued a report, Our Common Future that attracted the attention on world(a) poverty and degrading environment, which culminated in grabbing globose attention through the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, in Rio de Janeiro. It paved the way on reaching global agreements over sustainable principles and action agenda over it (The Sustainability Report par. 3-7). The Brundtland Report 1987 The Brundtland Report (WCED 1987 5)) has stressed on specific aspects of the definition of sustainable development, which is for ensuring a crack quality of life to be attained through improved economic and environmental conditions. Sustainable development should be beneficial for everyone, assuring socially sustainable development. Stress is on sustainable development for in store(predicate) generations, which means all the three aspects, social, economic and environmental should be sustainable for attaining equal development of the demo generation along with posterity (Lafferty 5). The Bruntland Report strives for Common Action on environmental policy by adhering to two methods, first, by following the standard agenda on environmental policy, law, and institutions that create positive environmental impacts. Secondly, it advocates adhering to such policies that help in creating that positive impact. These two approaches indicate a unique way of addressing the problems and at organizations on resolving them (Lafferty 5). It is critical for the sustainability motive under the policy that its ecological aspects are discussed at the selfsame(prenominal) time when other aspects such as the economic, business, energy, agricultural, industrial, and other aspects on the ditto agendas and in the same national and global level institutions are analyzed. The Bruntland Report admits it to be the leading challenge of the 1990s to include the objectives of sustainable development in the terms of reference of the gov ernment-formed committees to formulate concerned states policies and planning besides managing with leading sectoral and global policies. Not only this, the concerned states are expected to take full responsibility of implementing such policies, programs, and budgets to contain development that is ecologically and economically sustainable (Lafferty 5). United Nations Conference on Environment & Development, Rio de Janeiro 1992 It was an unusual UN congregation on environment and development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, known as the Earth Summit. It was extraordinary because of its Brobdingnagian attendance and range of the issues discussed. After a lapse of twenty year in organizing another global scale conference on env

The great depression(conditions leading to the depression) Assignment

The big(p) depression(conditions leading to the depression) - Assignment ExampleIn the early-mid 1920s, production by farmers was far more than the population consumed. mechanisation in production techniques meant there was an increase in output that was expensive thereby putting firms in debts. Falling food production and reduction in land prices resulted in agricultural losses leaving vast populations poor and unemployed. With the film dropping and supply increasing, the price of products reduced leaving the over-expanded firms short-changed leading to resolve (Saint-Etienne, 2013).Top workers had their income rising by 75% while the bottom workers only enjoyed a 9% raise in wages. With industrial production growing by 50% in 1920s, there was wide a gap between high-income earners and those struggling in poverty leading to a reduction in liquid income to purchase the produce. With extensive unemployment, the poor required aid from the already cash-strapped authorities further deepening the pecuniary problems.Explosion of bear markets built on speculation as seen in modern capitalist scrimping caused investors to buy stock believing it was going to rise quickly so that they could sell their stocks later. Most stock purchases were on credit as investors were required to have 5% of the stocks value with the residual being supplied by a loan buying on margin. Speculation together with the short-run outlook of the investors did not offer consistency and stability for the system to yield economic benefits. The resulting tension lead to selling of the stock causing a mini crash resulting in mass panic as the middle and upper classes lost money.The presence of numerous small banks with insufficient resources to handle the high demand for their money in conjunction with increasing nervousness about the state of the stock market play a major part in initiating the Great Depression. For this reason, they had to sell assets, borrow off other banks or shut dow n. Drying up of credit and reduction in lending

Perishable shipping Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perishable shipping - explore Paper ExampleA dealer and manufacturer may agree to set a supreme price that will prevent dealers from charging higher prices. Setting floor prices, as well as adjustment territories may force dealers to offer services that the producer intends in the event of buying products. However, avoidance of antitrust cases may be paramount through the setting of independent prices.Different swell allowances may accept TEDSBOX policies that would in turn affect packaging and the unsaleable food products. A swell allowance is the consistent lay out that is applied to sales. Most business practices advocate for charging same swell allowance among manufacturers. Charging different evaluate may prove to be ineffective especially to products that have consistent handling policies. The non-pursuance of the adjustable rate policies may discourage benefits associated with swell allowances. Adjustable rate policies aid in offering various reimbursement judge by pr oduct category. Highly perishable products require much of these policies. Without the existence of adjustable rate policies, the sales shift of highly perishable goods will be difficult and reimbursements will not take place. In addition, the manufacturers will experience rigidity in adjusting policies with changes occurring in the business environment. This situation creates inefficiency in the agricultural sedulousness as it tends to be the most flexible industry in terms of price adjustments and business policies (Sykes 1995).The parky set up is a process that incorporates the shipping of temperature sensitive commodities along through a supply chain (Ayers and Odegaard 2008). Transportation occurs through refrigerated and updraft packaging methods. Logistical planning is necessitated to ensure security and protection of these shipments. there are several shipping methods however, FEDEX uses air cargo when transporting sea

Money traps in U.S. Healthcare Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Money traps in U.S. Healthcare - Article Exampleprobable causes for this are a combination of singular attributes of the US system such as higher administrative costs, higher generate for executives in the industry, demand for higher profits by insurance companies and high prevalence of fragmented and unorganized care within the industry.The second article A Sharper Mind, Middle Age and Beyond argues that whereas somewhat frame of reference of human knowledge fluid intelligence declines in age, an other(a) form - crystallized intelligence actually increases. The article neither out rightly scatters nor supports the argument that brainpower, creativity and innovation have an archean expiration date. According to Cohen (2012) a large research that she refers to as the Manhattan Project of middle age has reveal several new observations on fluid intelligence and aging. Whereas it was typically assumed that fluid intelligence reduces with age, from the leave gathered so far fr om the Midlife in the United States study, it has been seen that continued education does increase the longevity of this form of intelligence among senior citizens.When we look at the two articles critically we identify that both seek to dispel commonly held beliefs. On the one hand, Boffey (2012) disapproves the nonion that American healthcare system is more costly than other advanced nations because it is better. American healthcare is excellent in some areas, average in others and poor in other areas as well. On the other hand, Cohen (2012) uses the results of the continuing Midlife in the United States study to disapprove the easy Sir William Oslers assertion that brainpower, creativity and innovation have an early expiration date. Both authors provide equal examples and arguments within the articles to, at the very least, through these commonly held notions into doubt.The difference between the articles emanates from how each other concludes their arguments. Boffey (2012) do es not provide a clear answer at

Non-Verbal Communication Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Non-Verbal Communication crossways Cultures - Essay ExampleIn this paper, the proponent tries to define the concept and relevance of non-verbal communication in handicraft organisation settings. In particular the differences are compared and contrasted as observed using specific stopping points of japan, and the UK. Furthermore, the proponent also discussed the business etiquette and the possible consequences of not being familiar with the correct etiquette. Other variables such as power, status, or sexual activity are also included especially on their impacts on non-verbal communication. Silence The absence of words or specific level of reaction does not mean there is something totally void or nihility about it. Not with the Japanese culture because silence or chinmoku says more than a word. In Japan silence does not mean to be a specific level of abuse or something else because it is a communicative skill (Davies & Ikeno, 2002). In this country, silence is derived from the J apanese values and it is the main reason how it is significantly viewed significant today in every walk of life and in disparate circumstances. It is considered as a virtue. Compared in the western culture, silence in the midst of communication in Japan on a mundane basis stands in a longer duration and this is due to two most important factors diachronic and dominance of group consciousness (Davies & Ikeno, 2002). ... UK on the other hand has vehement individualistic culture which emphasizes strong level that is contained within individual competition (Brown & MacBean, 2005). Thus, it would appear that people in the UK are more propelling in their response especially in the context of achieving competitive advantage. Eye forgather In the UK, pump contact signifies respect, honesty and listening (Moore & Woodrow, 2009). This means how important it is to have nerve center contact when one is in the midst of a conversation in the UK. However, a bit of contrast happens in Japa n. Eye contact may mean an insult because Japanese show politeness by not having direct eye contact for it is associated with aggression, insensitiveness, negative boldness, and other related emotional manifestation (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2010). Gestures There are deep vocabularies associated with gestures (Samovar, Porter, & McDaniel, 2009). In Japan, pointing to objects and at people require the entire hand which at some certain reasons would mean an insult to use a finger in doing so. In the UK, this would bring out different meaning wise(p) the fact that hand gestures for instance are associated with culture and thus they would convey contradictory meaning crossways different culture (Thakur & Srivastava, 1997). In other words, specific bodily movements have varying meaning across different cultures, which at some point if not properly used will result to different level of conflicts. Business etiquette The above non-verbal communications are applicable within the business etiquette in the cultural context of Japan and UK. As stated earlier, silence is associated with Japans highly collectivist culture while being proactive is in line with UKs individualist culture. Thus, in the UK an

Discuss the influence of cognitive learning theories on educational Essay

Discuss the influence of cognitive knowledge theories on educational policy and practice - Essay ExampleBehaviorism The behaviorist training perspectives started off in the early 1900s. They later became dominant at the beginning of the 20th century. The main estimate used in behaviorism is the fact that learning consists of behavior changes due to the reinforcement, diligence and acquisition of associations among stimuli achieved for the environs and recognizable responses of a person. many another(prenominal) behaviorists ar attracted in measurable changes seen in a persons behavior. Thorndike, a most important behaviorist theorist, asserts that a response to an incentive is toughened when followed by dictatorial rewarding effects (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2013). He goes on to assert that response to incentives become stronger by repetition and exercise. This learning view explained is akin to the programs of drill and practice. Skin ner, one of the most influential behaviorists, projected his dissimilar of behaviorism referred to operant conditioning. In his views, gratifying the right parts found on the to a greater extent touchy behavior reinforces it and supports its recurrence. As a result, reinforcers have power over the occurrence of the preferred partial behaviors. Many people understand learning as a successive or the flavour by step approximation of the proposed partial behaviors by using punishments and rewards. In Skinners theory, the best known application is programmed instruction. This shows how the right sequences of the partial behaviors needed to be learned are specified by complicated trade union movement analysis (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2013). Cognitive psychology Cognitive psychology was instigated in the late 1950s. This psychology has made a contribution to move away from behaviorism. The individual is no longer seen as responses collections t o international incentives, as the behaviorist understand. Cognitive psychology views these individuals as study processors. Additionally, cognitive psychology paid more concentration to difficult mental phenomena unnoticed by behaviorists and was inclined by the coming out of computers as information processing devices, which later became analogous to the mind of individuals. In cognitive psychology, individuals understand learning as gaining of knowledge. The person learning is the information processor that takes in information, carries out cognitive operations on the information and stocks the information in memory. Therefore, the preferred instructional methods used in cognitive psychology are recitation and lecturing textbooks. At its most greatness, the person learning is a passive knowledge recipient by the instructor (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2013). Constructivism Constructivism was established in the 1970s and 1980s. It gave rise to the ideas that people learning are not passive receivers of information. These learners actively build their knowledge by interacting with the environment and by reorganizing their mental structures. The individuals learning are seen as sense-makers, not only recording any information issued but also interpretation it. These learning views made people change from acquisition of knowledge to construction of knowledge metaphors. The growing render supporting the