Longxi Machinery Works – Case Analysis

LongXi Machinery Works Problem Statement LongXi is geared to increase its market share for small multi-cylinder diesel engines but the growing quality concern over production of critical parts is jeopardizing LongXi’s growth in the agricultural sector market. Continued quality issues with our DGS, a critical part within LongXi’s Small Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine has resulted in breakdown, engine failure and loss production at several customers. Customer complaints are increasing and we need to react to and eliminate our quality concerns. We must develop ways to improve quality in house. Our QC group is well established therefore we are recommending that we collect and analyze data relative to why the DGS is failing and from that data collection, make improvement to correct the recurring quality problems. Situation Analysis Customer Relationship Customer relations for LongXi Machinery Works are highlighted in the company’s background. We are one of several medium sized companies that share 55 per cent of the market share not occupied by larger single-cylinder engine manufacturers. Our primary market is the agricultural machinery sector of China. Since our inception, our competitive priority was in manufacturing various single and multi-cylinder diesel engines. These engines served four primary customers. Due to changes in China’s agricultural machinery sector that increased buying power, sales of diesel-powered agricultural machinery is seeing a ten percent continual growth over a five year period. Because of this growth, our sales estimate equate to 85 percent of the overall 10 percent growth over the same five year period. The attached table shows a comparison to one of our primary competitors – Changchou Diesel Engine Works (Changchai). As you can see from the comparison table, LongXi is a much smaller company to Changchai. Changchai is one of the four large manufacturers that account for 45 percent of the market and we are one of the several smaller companies that equate for the remaining 55 percent. Process Analysis Sawing Department The duo-gear shaft (DGS) is manufactured at LongXi using a batch manufacturing process in which small quantities of parts are process at a time. The process flow for the DGS starts in the warehouse where raw material is sawed to the desired length. Three of six machines are used to prepare the raw material for the DGS. Based on the initial step in the process flow, using the six available machines will allow more parts to flow through the process which would increase operating cost, but would significantly reduce process time. This process change could help in reducing the overall cost of the DGS unit. Machining Department The next operation in the manufacturing process is the machining process. This process consists of Grinding, Lathe and Drilling machines. Only the lathes and the drilling machines are used in this area of the machining department in the initial phase of the machining process. The lathe process is the first process in the machining department. After the lathe process, parts are stacked on each operator’s tool box until the material handler moves them to the drilling operation. After each machining process the parts are transported via carts by a material handler to the next process. Typically, in other machining operations, the lathe and drilling process could be combined into one operation where the parts would be cut to length and the holes would be drilled using the same machine. This would require significant capital investment by LongXi but it would reduce wait and transportation time between processes. This would also eliminate the need for operators to stack parts on their tool boxes. Thermal Treatment Department The thermal treatment process is the most important process in respect to the overall quality of the DGS part. As stated, thermal treatment is needed to develop the proper hardness of the DGS after the initial machining operations. With respect to the heat treatment process of the DGS, the DGS goes through a preheat process where the part is heated to approximately 200c – 300c for ten minutes. Workers were then expected to judge this process based on visual cues and overall time. Since this is the initial phase of the heat treatment process, it is important that the part is preheated to the correct temperature to maintain consistency throughout the remaining processes. Perhaps an automatic temperature sensor and timer can be added to the preheat furnace to indicate when the part is within the temperature range for the allotted time. This would eliminate the inconsistency of the workers judgment. Processing the DGS through the main furnace is set up to have the furnace monitor the heat cycle and times and then records them on a chart recorder. While this is good, the operator is once again asked to manually hold the parts until the cycle is complete. This again can introduce inconsistency into the process. The tempering process is a very important step in the overall heat treatment process. This step is automated and electrically controlled. There is a ten minute wait time for each basket of parts between the quenching process and the tempering process. The DGS is then returned to the machining department a second time for grinding. This operation is a two shift operation utilizing one operator per shift. The attached Fishbone chart outlines possible problems causes we are currently experiencing with the overall manufacturing process. In summary, the current process to manufacture the DGS is setup as a job shop where similar machines are grouped together. Although this process creates flexibility with the way product flow through each operation, the manufacturing process for the DGS at LongXi can be improved significantly. We need to create a separate process to manufacture the DGS. One way to do so is to start by combining processes to eliminate non-value-added activities such as part transfer between operations. The lathe and the drilling process can also be combined into one operation. Adding more automation for part transfer can also reduce NVA. As a result of combining processes, more floor space can be freed up for parts storage. Total Quality Management Quality Inspection Quality management is a major part of the DGS manufacturing process. Approximately 130 quality inspectors are responsible for quality throughout the organization. Three types of inspection are done throughout each operation. Initial Inspection, Patrol Inspection and Final Inspection. This is an area of quality that needs to be addressed. Typically in manufacturing operations this amount of inspection at each operation is excessive and can lead to problems instead of solutions. With the workers taking responsibility for quality and having a final inspection at the end of each process seem enough for the DGS process. Customer Satisfaction In terms of customer satisfaction most of our quality inspection is done to satisfy our internal customers or upstream processes. Quality is built into the product after each operation where the process is not complete until a final inspection. This done to ensure that the next process/customer receives a quality part with the belief that our external customer will ultimately receive a quality product. We are still working on satisfying our customer in the agricultural market sector in some areas. We are producing a product that meets our customer’s specification, our product has value and we provide adequate support when we have an engine failure. However, in the areas of consistent quality and on-time delivery, we are lacking and must improve. Employee Involvement Along with the other inspection processes within the departments, workers were also responsible for ensuring high quality production. A process called Self Inspection is used by workers to verify their own quality. Workers were also encouraged to use Mutual Inspection which meant that the quality of upstream operations was verified. Workers were also responsible for notifying quality inspectors to conduct other necessary inspections. Employee involvement is also active at LongXi through the formation of our QC Group. This group is made up of Line Workers, Managers, and Engineers. The main focus of the QC Group was to focus on the metallurgical issues that might be causing the quality problems with the DGS. The QC Group’s activities were guided by a manual called the â€Å"Method†. This manual gave direction on working routines, rules for quality improvement targets, and brainstorming techniques. Instructions for encouraging employee enthusiasm and customer suggestions were also included in the â€Å"Method†. We rely heavily on employee involvement as tools necessary to improve our overall product quality. We rely heavily on employee involvement in several ways. We have teams setup that establishes goals for marketing, production, profits and employee benefits. These goals are later translated into quotas which are distributed throughout the company and are analyzed monthly. To further implement and build upon the concept of employee involvement to improve overall product quality, each department within the company is viewed as a customer and efforts are being made to correct and eliminated product defects before it is passed on to the next customer. However, we must continue our efforts to improve overall quality. One immediate recommendation would be to continue the developing the Quality Group and the motivation/reward system that rewards employee involvement in quality improvements. There are significant gaps in training between the Quality Group members and the production line workers. Improving the reward system is also a significant improvement that needs to be addressed. Most of our re-accruing quality problems are being generated from lack of motivation of production and technical personnel. A better or improved reward/motivation system will help that problem. Continuous Improvement Most of LongXi’s continuous improvement efforts were driven by the overall goals of the SOE and the government of China, and demand for external customers. Most of the continuous improvement efforts were directed through the fulfillment of the â€Å"Market, Management, Quality, Profit† credo. The management team developed action plans in areas such as technological improvements, quality improvements, and new product introduction. The goals from the development of the action plans were then distributed throughout the company and each month, each department analyzed the actual versus what was planned. Continuous improvement is also being applied at LongXi such as: †¢ Adding new assembly lines. †¢ New group processing centers. †¢ Implementing action plans for technological improvements, quality improvements and new product introduction. In Summary, we have made significant steps to satisfy our customers, involve our employees and improve our product line but our overall product quality remains a major concern and the implementation of an overall quality system will be necessary to overcome this concern. Getting and keeping management involvement in the Quality Group is also a significant step forward in improving the current quality problem. Our management team will have to be more involved in driving and monitoring quality improvement goals especially at the production line worker level. This would ensure that overall production and quality issues are addressed and supported. Technical support continued to be inadequate at the production line worker level which is where the work is done to produce the DGS. Alternatives New Thermal Treatment Department |   |   | |Pro |   |Con | |Focus on efficiency to improve quality |   |Current production is hurting quality | |Capacity limited |   |May not have space needed unless major improvements are made | |Complete automated process |   |Significant investment | |New machines |   |Older equipment relied on human Judgment | | | | | |Outsource the production of the DGS |   |   | |Pro |   |Con | |Focus on efficiency to imp rove quality |   |Part is inexpensive | |   |   |Continued quality problems impacting future business | |   |   |Company location | | | | | |Eliminate Products Using the DGS |   |   | |Pro |   |Con |Focus on efficiency to improve quality |   |Product is key to future sales | | | | | |Develop New Quality Process |   |   | |Pro |   |Con | |Focus on efficiency to improve cost |   |Different way of operating business | |Focus on improving quality |   |Time | |Better customer satisfaction |   |Re-training all employees | Decision and Action Plan We do not recommend eliminating the production of the DGS. This part is a critical part used in all of the multi-cylinder engines that we produce. Eliminating this product would significantly hurt our overall business of producing and selling multi-cylinder engines. We do not recommend outsourcing production of the DGS. The part is relatively inexpensive and outsourcing the part would add significant cost the engine. Also, it is unclear that this would eliminate the quality problems. We recommend that we consider improvements to the Thermal Treatment department. The best solution would be to make the process 100% automated to eliminate any judgment or inconsistency on the part of the production workers. Although buying new machines would be an acceptable implementation for this decision, it would require less capital investment and provide consistency throughout the thermal treatment process. We recommend that improvements to the initial phase of the thermal treatment process be implemented first since that is the critical first step in establishing verall consistency throughout the process. Although we have made significant improvement and received several quality awards, we recommend that improvement be implemented to provide more technical support at the production line worker level. This would r equire more management involvement to make sure the right individuals were placed on teams and included in workshops that could train and take information back to the production line. As far as long-range quality management, we recommend that in order to maintain our quality improvement efforts that we become ISO 9000 certified. This certification will validate our efforts and move us closer toward becoming a world class company. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Appendices | | | | | |COMPETITOR COMPARISON | | |   | | | |Changchai | | | |LongXi | | | | | | | |Production Volume | | | |1. mil | | | |86,900 | | | | | | | |Revenues | | | |3 bil | | | |176 mil | | | | | | | |% of export sales | | | |8% | | | |   | | | | | | |% domestic sales | | | |92% | | | |85% | | | | | | | |profit | | | |208 mil | | | |6. 5 mil | | | | | | | |gross margin/unit | | | |2. 6 bil | | | |   | | | | | | | |verti cal integration | | | |   | | | |yes | | | | | | | |external partnership | | | |yes | | | |yes | | | | | | | |ISO 9000 | | |yes | | | |no | | | | | | | |Technology investment | | | |yes | | | |yes | | | | | | | |Better Quality | | | |yes | | | |no | | | | | | | [pic]

Observation and Gross Motor Skills

Observing a child can be a fascinating experience. It’s amazing to see how a child can view something so different than an adult. I recently observed my niece. Her name is Unique. She was born February 9, 2011, and is now two years and four months old. I observed Unique on June 4, 2013 from one until about three in the afternoon, at daycare with just her teacher present. After leaving daycare I continued to observe her for a few more hours once she got to her grandmother’s house, with her aunts present. Unique has one older brother and has just started daycare this year. Unique has amazing fine and gross motor skills, which is having a better control over her hand and finger movements; also having ability to control her arm and leg movements more. I watched her turn pages in her Dora book without any problem. As she finished looking through her book we scribbled together. Unique held the crayons perfectly, with both her thumb and her finger. I also watched Unique climb up and down off the sofa. We went outside for a few and I noticed how well she kicked the ball back and forth with her aunts that are ten and eleven. Unique gets together with daycare friends and begins to play games such as matching, coloring, going to play together outside. As they come together everyone is happy and enjoying their selves. I notice that everyone had a smile on their faces and in a good mood, everyone interacting in a good way, there wasn’t any negativity. When getting together with adults she can be very alert and outgoing. She repeats a lot of what is being said. Unique talks and listens to what is being told. Unique and teachers are in the classroom having learning time. Teachers ask questions and sing songs as she answer the questions and sing along. Cooperating and enjoying learning time with the other kids. These observations can tell a lot about Unique and her development in many areas. Her development in different areas is good and understanding. I would consider the way she interacts and acts with others appropriate for her age. She is advanced and gets along with others very well when doing things such as talking, playing and laughing with others.

Differing Scholarly Views on the Euthanasia Situation

Differing Scholarly Views on the Euthanasia Situation People in Canada are diagnosed with terminal illness’ every day. They know when they are going to die and often suffer until then. Why can’t patients diagnosed with a terminal illness be given the option to be euthanized? It would allow such patients to die painlessly and peacefully instead of having to suffer. While currently illegal in all but five areas of the world, assisted suicide and euthanasia are quickly becoming a more prevalent topic globally with more and more countries looking at making the move to legalize the acts.It has been legalized nationally in countries such as the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium while also being legalized in the states of Oregon and Washington in the United States of America. The article from the New England Journal of Medicine, Redefining Physicians` Role in Assisted Dying by Lisa Lehmann, uses the state of Oregon as a basis for much of her research and probing into both si des of the argument behind euthanasia.Margaret Somerville, a world renown ethicist and academic known for some of her controversial views, also gives her own insight into the topic in the article Legalized Euthanasia Only a Breath Away, published by the Globe and Mail. Somerville bases much of her argument around personal opinions and strong beliefs. I will examine the merits and proposals brought forth by each author and compare them to each other. The contrast between these two papers is quite evident in ways of structure and delivery of information.In Somerville`s article, she establishes early on that, morally speaking, assisted death is a blatant disregard for the sanctity and respect for human life. She even goes as far as to call it â€Å"unconstitutional†. When describing the people who stand on either side of this argument of legalizing euthanasia, she says, â€Å"†¦it comes down to a direct conflict between the value of respect for human life, on the one hand, and individual rights to autonomy and self-determination – the value of `choice`- on the other. She establishes the two positions one has to choose from in the argument over this topic and leaves little room for change on either side. This entire argument being based solely on her opinion and giving no facts to back either of the positions makes it very biased in favour of keeping euthanasia illegal. In Somerville’s article, she shows the availability of the process in Oregon and how it is very helpful to those who seek it out. Somerville believes that no one should have control over whether another human lives or dies.That is why she believes euthanasia should be an available option to terminal patients. One of the driving points that Somerville delivers is that, â€Å"research shows that the most likely reasons people want assisted suicide/euthanasia are fear of being abandoned – dying alone and unloved. † Without any source cited for the research, it brings the validity of the argument into question. It seems more of a popular opinion twisted into a fact for the purpose of supporting an argument, especially after comparing Lehmann’s article is read.She quotes from the thirteenth annual report from Oregon`s Death with Dignity Act that, â€Å"Most (patients) say that they are motivated by a loss of autonomy and an inability to engage in activities that give their meaning† as the primary reason for considering euthanasia in Oregon. It also cites lack of ability to control pain being one of the least common reasons for euthanizing as well, due in regards to the leaps and bounds modern medicine has made in palliative care in contrast to the 60’s. Having an element of control over the time one dies and how it happens is something that is understandable for many terminal patients to desire.Knowing when they are supposed to die makes it very hard for terminal patients to fully enjoy any life experiences because they constantly remind themselves of how little time they have until their death. This statement brings doubt to the â€Å"research† that Somerville uses to fortify her stance against assisted death, especially with a lack of a credible source into said research. Within Lehman’s article, she states some main objections to euthanasia commonly used by critics. One is that having an option to end one’s life will reduce the quality of palliative care.But that is not the case in Oregon. Lehman’s research has shown that overall spending and patient ratings on palliative care have consistently risen in the thirteen year period that euthanasia has been legal. Another popular objection is that practitioners of euthanasia are working on a â€Å"slippery slope† and that the process for selecting euthanasia candidates will someday be expanded to accept patients with nonterminal illnesses or even non-voluntary euthanasia. But within Oregon, Lehman describes how a p atient must go a long process before actually being euthanized.A panel of medical professionals considers many different factors of the patient such as diagnosis, pain tolerance, depression, state of mind, and many others. This process takes at least 2-4 weeks. After taking all the factors into consideration, the patient will be given the panel’s decision on whether they are a candidate for euthanasia. Strict tangencies such as the review panel that are in place within Oregon will prevent any change to euthanasia laws. The guidelines are very â€Å"black and white† so there are no misinterpretations and the laws are set in stone.Lehman’s opinions are well thought out and well supported by the research into the process in Oregon, one of the few places on Earth with a legal euthanasia practice. Research into the selection process directly contradicts many popular objection made by critics against legalization of euthanasia. Opinions are very powerful tools that ca n greatly influence the outcome and views of others in open and controversial topics. Opinions should be based around factual information and solid research, not personal beliefs and motives. This is the clear case between Somerville’s and Lehmann’s articles.Both being very qualified and knowledgeable in different areas of study, Lehman simply uses her research and time resources fully and reaps the rewards of having a very strong opinion based around factual information based on the foundations of research. Lehman’s opinion will carry much more weight that Somerville’s which is based off unproven claims and research with no citations. When it comes to controversial topics such as euthanasia, it is important to collect as much information as possible before making an informed decision on whether to have it as an option to terminal patients or not.The decision made will impact people’s lives one way or another. It’s just a matter of which dec ision will have a greater benefit for the human population. Author. â€Å"Title of Article. † Name of Magazine. Name of Publisher, Day Mon. Year: Pages. Medium. Date you accessed it. Somerville, M. â€Å"Legalized Euthanasia Only A Breath Away. † Globe and Mail, 16 June. 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2012 Lehmann, L. â€Å"Redefining Physician’s Role in Assisted Dying. † New England Journal of Medicine, 12 July. 2012: 97-99. 367. Retrieved October 14, 2012 Word Count: 1195

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Bodega Dreams by Quinonez, Ernesto - Research Paper Example In order to understand light, we compare it to darkness; in order to understand man, we come compare it to woman; and in order to understand reason, we compare it nature. However, these binaries are not equal, in that one side of the binary is posited as good, rational, civilized, and empowered, and the other side of the binary is posited as bad, irrational, uncivilized, and subordinate. This process of dividing everything into categories of good and bad is important when attempting to understand the dynamics of power in social relationships, especially ones that are characterized by race, class, and gender. The codification of binaries has acted as a catalyst for the process of othering, which explains how certain groups remain in possession of power while other groups are continuous enslaved by social, political, and educational institutions that benefit from their oppression. Lena Dominelli defines othering as following: Thus, racism is about relations of dominance and subordination which are rooted in the ‘othering’of others as a social process of exclusion in which particular personal attributes are identified as the basis for a racialised ‘othering’ to occur. These characteristics are aspects of an individual’s or group’s identity which are castigated as ‘inferior’ by a dominant group which has the power to enforce its definitions of reality on others. They may be based on biological features such as skin color and hair type, cultural practices, linguistic abilities, or religious observances which are adversely valued socially and weighted against the interests of the subordinated group. (39). This assumption of the superiority of one race to dominate, manipulate, and abuse other groups who are perceived as inferior has colored much of American history (Lorde, 115). However, regardless of how hard the other tries

Space and Architecture. A beach house Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Space and Architecture. A beach house - Essay Example This is then supported by Pierre Bordieu in his â€Å"The Berber House†. He believes that objects, language, events, associated with a certain space are a microcosm of a larger culture. Using this approach of Bordieu in the above picture, a beach house that is built upon a rock or cement, it would already tell us that this house was built for permanency. It is deeply rooted at the bottom of the sea through the cement panels that is supporting the house and making it as stable as possible. Aside from that, the doors are made of glass which is associated with convenience and practicality as glass is something that is easy to find and at the same time would not require so much maintenance as compared to wood. This would give us a notion that the structure was not only made to provide a place of leisure or a total escape from the city, instead is a place that would at the same time be conducive to work or anything that would allow any routine to be done without hassle. The interior of the house as well is made up of windows and many open spaces through rolling doors. This just gives us an impression that the house prefers to be ventilated by fresh air to make the most of the sea breeze instead of using electricity. Draping curtains would also be a good source of controlling the light coming from the sun to enter the whole house. This shows the flexibility of the house to react to different weather changes that might occur.

The instructions are given below Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The instructions are given below - Assignment Example However, most of the citizens in the European counties were not happy about what their governments were doing. In connection to this, the relationship between the states worsened. It was at this time that the, France began to experience revolutions. The main cause of the revolution was that, the French government had introduced a lot of tax on most of the commodities. This move was seen by the people as being unfair (Schroeder 5). It was also at this time that most European countries started importing slaves to their countries. Most of these slaves were drawn from Africa. However, the rate of unemployment had started to increase. Therefore, most citizens were not happy with their government because they felt that the government did not have their interest at heart (Schroeder 12). In addition to this, most of the people felt that the slaves could be a security threat to them. This is because at that particular time, Africans were seen as being uncivilised (Schroeder 4). Question two. How were Luther, Equiano, and either Engels or Dickens trying to create change in their worlds through their writings? What arguments did they utilize and who were their intended audiences? Make a historical argument about how their approaches differed and what those differences tell us about changes in Europe in the 16th-19th centuries. In the mid-19th century, Luther become increasingly concerned about how the catholic church was treating Christians. It was at this time that he started writing books why Christians should leave Catholic church and form another church. On the other hand Equiano writing was based on the English slave trade (Schroeder 5). He was more concerned about how the English was not respecting human rights. Finally, Engels main intention was to create awareness on the importance of the government to continue practising socialism. This was because at that particular time, most of the governments in Europe were trying

E. Major Issues and Concerns Essay Example for Free

E. Major Issues and Concerns Essay Our world is richer than ever before, but it is also marked by enormous inequalities, both within and between countries. The average annual income of someone living in the world’s richest country, Luxembourg, is more than one hundred times larger than that of the average citizen of Sierra Leone, one of the world’s poorest. Such huge differences in living standards should be a matter of great concern, because they reflect serious inequalities in life opportunities. This calls for a robust policy response at both the national and international levels, so that all countries can achieve the Millennium Development Goals and other agreed development objectives (United Nations, Economic and Social Development Affairs, â€Å"2006† iii) . The process of globalization has not yet closed the income gap between poor and rich countries. On the contrary, the way in which world markets operate has been an important contributing factor to the rise in global income inequality. Richer countries, for instance, tend to have preferential access to capital markets, to attract more foreign direct investment, and to be more resilient than poorer countries in responding to shifts in global commodity markets. Efforts to reduce global inequality can promote growth and stability, and can help avert economic and social crises and even political instability. Part of the observed growth divergence is attributable to gaps in public investment in, and spending on, infrastructure and human development in these countries. Investments in infrastructure and human capital are necessary for growth. i) The need for improved infrastructure An adequate level of infrastructure is a necessary condition for the productivity of firms. It is difficult to imagine an economy without telephones, electricity or a road network. By its very nature, infrastructure is characterized by indivisibilities and countries will need to build up a threshold or minimum level of infrastructure (say, a minimum network of roads) to make a difference for economy-wide productivity growth. To reach that threshold, countries will need to sustain substantial public investment levels over prolonged periods of time. The failure to do so explains partly why Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa have fallen behind the East Asian countries that have sustained infrastructural investment. East Asian economies invested more in the quality and coverage of physical infrastructure. In sharp contrast, Latin American countries have witnessed a decline in infrastructural investment since the 1980s as a result of increased fiscal austerity. This has led to significant differences in the quality and availability of infrastructure. Since the 1960s, the road density in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa has barely increased, while it has tripled in East Asia. Also, the availability of telephone lines in East Asia is twice as great as that in Latin America and 10 times greater than in sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical evidence indicates that lagging infrastructural development could account for as much as one third of the widening income differentials between East Asian and Latin American countries during the 1980s and 1990s. ii) Human development Some empirical studies suggest that developing countries could catch up with the developed world if only they attained increased levels of human development. The links between growth and human development are complex, however. There are large disparities in indicators of human well-being, such as life expectancy and educational attainment. However, the world has seen more convergence among countries in terms of improvements in health and education outcomes than in terms of improvements in per capita incomes. The evidence in this report indicates that countries with a successful economic growth performance all had relatively high levels of human development at the beginning of their sustained growth process and showed substantial improvements in education and health as average incomes improved. Conversely, however, not all countries with relatively higher levels of human development managed to achieve high long-term economic growth rates. Human development is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for sustained economic growth. Lifting other constraints on economic growth and structural change will be necessary to create opportunities for a better-educated population. The dynamic creation of decent and productive employment is the crucial link in this regard. Recently President Bush unveiled a broad proposal to boost US economic competitiveness by injecting more than 136 billion dollars into research and education over the next decade. The programme would promote the private-sector investment in innovation and strive to make US children better in mathematics and science. The initiative is aimed at strengthening US economic leadership in the face of growing competition from countries like China and India. The President said that â€Å"The American economy is pre-eminent — but we cannot afford to be complacent,† (CNN). In fact, no economy can afford to be complacent when it comes to supporting the fundamental cause of education and human development.

Types of Grafts in Dentistry

Types of Grafts in Dentistry TYPES OF GRAFTS: Osseointegrated implants can be combined with the following types of graft: inlay, saddle, veneer, onlay (partial or full arch), and maxillary sinus grafts. (Triplett Schow, 1996) The mucoperiosteal flap should be designed to adequately expose the underlying residual ridge, maintain a broad base for vascular support, and allow tension-free primary closure. A midcrestal incision is usually preferred because it maximizes the vascularity to the margins of the mucoperiosteal flaps and minimizes ischemia created by the vasculature traversing dense, keratinized tissue at the crest of the ridge. Labial vertical releasing incisions are made as needed to improve access. All grafts must be well adapted to the recipient site with no or minimal space betveenbetween graft and residual bone. Hence, usually graft shaping and adaptation is unavoidable. The gGraft is positioned to its best adaptation to the underlying alveolus. A good fixation with titanium screws must be achieved to prevent the graft movement. Any movement of the graft increases the chance of soft tissues ingrowth between the graft and the recipient site, and thus the failure of the graft is likely. All voids or defects should be filled with particulate cancellous bone and marrow to provide good contour and eliminate dead space. A primary, tension-free closure must be achieved to prevent wound breakdown and graft exposure. A barrier membrane and filler graft may be used, if desired. Inlay Grafts Small osseous defects at the alveolar crest can be inlaid with an autologous graft to restore the contour and volume of bone necessary to place an the implant and allow for a proper emergence profile. The defect is usually exposed through a crestal incision that is extended around the necks of one or two adjacent teeth on either side of the defect. A vertical releasing incision is made if necessary. A barrier membrane may be used to protect these areas during healing. Saddle Graft Indicated where both horizontal and vertical ridge augmentation[S1], this type of graft is also of considerable value. Aautogenous bone stabilized with rigid fixation to restore anatomic height and width is an excellent solution to this problem. A saddle of bone is obtained from the anterior-inferior border of the mandible (ipsilateral site) and secured in position from the buccal or crestal aspect with 1.5mm titanium screws with a minimum of 2 screws to achieve stable graft fixation. Veneer Graft A veneer graft is preferred where there is only a horizontal bone defect of less than 4 mm. T Onlay Graft The design of onlay grafts can be segmental or arch in shape. Both the height and width of an atrophic ridge can be achieved with onlay grafts. Following Iindications include the following[S2]: inadequate residual alveolar ridge height and width to support a functional prosthesis, contour defects that compromise implant support, function, or aesthetics, and segmental alveolar bone loss. - Procedures aimed at increasing the volume of attached mucosa (free soft tissue grafts, pedicle soft tissue grafts, and surgical extension of the vestibulum) have been recommended in areas of movable mucosa. 75,77,102–111 [S3](Esposito, Hirsch, Lekholm, Thomsen, 1999) There wasIt has also been also stated that cancellous grafts are more successful because of cortical plate (â€Å"Buchman 1999 Cancelous Bone stucture.pdf,† n.d.) Results: A pPositive correlation outcome was found between age and missing teeth found in both groups A and B in the applied multiple regression analysis (SPSS) Group A analysis for correlation between the patients age and number of teeth missing outcome: Correlations Patients age Number of Teeth Patients age Pearson Correlation 1 .326** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 120 111 Number of Teeth Pearson Correlation .326** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 111 111 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Group B outcome: Correlations Patients age Number of Teeth Patients age Pearson Correlation 1 .465** Sig. (2-tailed) .004 N 41 37 Number of Teeth Pearson Correlation .465** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .004 N 37 37 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). A pPositive correlation was found between age and bone volume harvested in Group A. However, the correlation in Group B was non significant. Group A multiple regression analysis output: Correlations Patients age Bone graft volume Patients age Pearson Correlation 1 .244** Sig. (2-tailed) .007 N 120 120 Bone graft volume Pearson Correlation .244** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .007 N 120 120 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Group B SPSS multiple regression analysis output: Correlations Patients age Bone graft volume Patients age Pearson Correlation 1 .203 Sig. (2-tailed) .203 N 41 41 Bone graft volume Pearson Correlation .203 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .203 N 41 41 The distribution for harvested overall bone volumes was found to be normal in both groups A and B and a significant correlation was found between clinitianclinician A and clinitianclinician B and their harvested bone volumes. Distribution analysis output. Histogram: Multiple regression analysis output for ClinitianClinician A ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 9317266.326 1 9317266.326 31.994 .000b Residual 42518278.360 146 291221.085 Total 51835544.685 147 2 Regression 16022829.759 2 8011414.879 32.437 .000c Residual 35812714.927 145 246984.241 Total 51835544.685 147 a. Dependent Variable: Bone graft volume b. Predictors: (Constant), Number of Teeth c. Predictors: (Constant), Number of Teeth, Procedure Performer Association between a patient’s gender and performed clinicians A ands B found to be not statistically significant applying SPSS multiple regression analysis. The SPSS output for multiple regression analysis: Group Statistics Procedure Performer N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Patients age AP 41 38.85 11.599 1.811 SG 120 39.05 11.876 1.084 Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Procedure Performer * Patients Gender 161 100.0% 0 0.0% 161 100.0% Procedure Performer * Patients Gender Cross tabulation Patients Gender Total Male Female Procedure Performer AP Count 8 33 41 Expected Count 10.7 30.3 41.0 SG Count 34 86 120 Expected Count 31.3 88.7 120.0 Total Count 42 119 161 Expected Count 42.0 119.0 161.0 Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 1.233a 1 .267 Continuity Correctionb .818 1 .366 Likelihood Ratio 1.286 1 .257 Fishers Exact Test .309 .184 Linear-by-Linear Association 1.226 1 .268 N of Valid Cases 161 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 10.70. b. Computed only for a 22 table The Aassociation between a patient’s age and clinitiansclinicians A and B was also not statistically significant (â€Å"Reszults,† n.d.). P value was more than 0.05. So the hypothesis that there is no difference between patientspatient’s age and performed clinitianclinician A and B harvested bone volumes can not be rejected the hypothesis. Nominal variables (number of teeth) were not equally distributed. So, a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test was applied to test the hypothesishypostasis that there wasis no difference between the number of teeth missing and harvested bone volumes in group A and B. The hypothesis washypostasis rejected in Group A because the P value was less than 0.05. However, there was no difference in a Ggroup B (p value more than 0.05) Number of teeth and harvested bone volumes distribution for Group A Kruskal-Wallis hypothesis testing output: Ranks Number of Teeth N Mean Rank Bone graft volume One tooth 22 40.95 Two teeth 38 43.41 Three teeth 30 68.45 Four and more teeth 21 76.76 Total 111 Test Statisticsa,b Bone graft volume Chi-Square 23.851 df 3 Asymp. Sig. .000 a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: Number of Teeth SPSS output for Kruskal-Wallis Test Group B: Ranks Number of Teeth N Mean Rank Bone graft volume One tooth 11 14.59 Two teeth 11 19.45 Three teeth 11 20.27 Four and more teeth 4 26.38 Total 37 Test Statisticsa,b Bone graft volume Chi-Square 3.855 df 3 Asymp. Sig. .278 a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: Number of Teeth A bone volume’s distribution was tested by drawing a histogram to determent determine a parametric or non parametric test was needed to applyin order to test the hypothesis[S4]. The data was not equally distributed in both groups A and B. Hence, the non parametric Mann-Whitney test was applied to test the null hypothesis of if whether there is was no any difference in harvested bone volumes and the performance of theed clinicians. The P value was less than 0.05, so the null hypothesis was rejected and there is was a significant difference between cclinician A’s and clinician’s B performances. ClinitianClinician A and B harvested bone volumes distributions: Descriptive Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Bone graft volume 161 1121.5017 622.04168 80.00 3380.00 Procedure Performer 161 1.75 .437 1 2 SPSS output Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Procedure Performer N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks Bone graft volume AP 41 46.89 1922.50 SG 120 92.65 11118.50 Total 161 Test Statisticsa Bone graft volume Mann-Whitney U 1061.500 Wilcoxon W 1922.500 Z -5.427 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000 a. Grouping Variable: Procedure Performer Conclusions: A mandibular ramus donor site can provide sufficient autologous bone volume to restore dentoalveolar defects prior to dental implantation. PThe positive correlations were found between a patient’s age and missing teeth, between clinicians A and B and their harvested bone volumes, and between harvested bone volume and a patient’s age in a group A but this was not significant in Group B., Bbetween a patient’s age and gender in both groups A and B there was no significant correlation based on the multiple regression analysis outcome SPSS. To conclude, with thean increasinge in age there were a higher number of teeth missing in both groups A and B. Although, the diameter of bone reconstruction were was greater because of a more missing teeth, the harvested volumes were greater only in the Group A harvested by cClinician A (pis was a significant difference between clinicians A and B and their harvested bone graft volumes in Group A and B (pthe person who operatesor. In aAdditionally to mandibular, ascending ramus bone can be harvested at intraoral sites and can be considered incrementally to the performed procedure, [S5]such as the contralateral ramus site, chin, and maxillary tuberosity, where when greater bone volumes are required. Moreover, the bone materials can be also added too, increase the further if the bone volume is yet not yet sufficient. And finally, based on the literature review findings, the majority of iliac crest bone graft can be successfully replaced with ascending ramus bone grafts as the studies revealed that the harvested bone grafts are not significantly greater. The outcome of implant therapy has been summarized in several recent reviews (Cochran 1996, Esposito et al. 1998, Fritz 1996, Fiorellini et al. 1998, Gotfredsen 1999, Mericske-Stern 1999, Van Steenberge et al. 1999) and evaluations are often reported in success and survival rates. The interpretation of the results, however, relies on the concept that different investigators use similar criteria for implant success and survival. Variations in study design and study period, and an improper definition of the selection of patients are factors that may further affect the interpretation of the data. First, autologous bone grafts of various types to different locations can be successfully used to improve the ability to place endosseous implants. Complications that lead to failure can be minimized with experience and adherence to the basic surgical principles of rigid fixation and tension-free primary closure of the soft tissue flaps. Second, most of the grafting failures are associated with infection or exposure of the graft to the oral cavity because of mucosal flap dehiscence. Early loading of grafts with a transitional prosthesis is also a potential cause of graft compromise or failure. Third, the successful placement of endosseous implants in autologous grafts is more predictable when they are placed secondarily after bone graft consolidation; and. fFourth, whether placed immediately with the bone graft, or secondarily, failure of individual implants does not imply failure of the bone graft. Frenuloplasty, Frenectomy, Vestibuloplasty Technique (Liposky, 1983) oOr Mandibular Anterior Ridge Extension: Modification of the Kazanjian (Al-Mahdy Al-Belasy, 1997), Vestibule and floor-of-mouth extension procedures, Soft-tissue grafts (full thickness or connective) Although COHRANE stated that autologous is not in favour, this statement needs to be taken considered very carefulycarefully because the outcome does not measure all aspects in convensionalconventional terms of success. As stated before, a simple implants survival is no longer a single preferable outcome today. Cohrane agrees that there is littleare few randomized controlled trials and for most that are conducted today are at a high risk of bias remains. Further more, bone augmentation, such as synteticsynthetic bone materials, provide a poorer outcome rather thaen animal retrieved bone materials. However, because of culture cultural or religious reasons animal products may not be accepted for a certain groups of patient and therefore autologous bone grafts are then isremain a single oaption to augment the alveolar crest defects. AeEsthetics and harmony in dental implant placement was well described by Belser et al., 1998. Buccal bone thickness has toshould be a minimum of 2mm and ideally 3mm from the implant buccal surface. 1 [S1]Not sure about this. Does it relate to the heading i.e. ‘Saddle graft is Indicated where both horizontal and vertical ridge augmentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ [S2]Please check I haven’t changed the meaning [S3]Are these page numbers? Should it be (Esposito, Hirsch, Lekholm, Thomsen, 1999 75,77, 102–111) [S4]Please check à ¯Ã‚ Ã…   [S5]Please check this one. I’ve read it many times and am a little confused à ¯Ã‚ Ã…  

Strategic Objectives Of Grameenphone Telecom Ltd Marketing Essay

Strategic Objectives Of Grameenphone Telecom Ltd Marketing Essay This report is meant to focus primarily on strategic objectives of GRAMEENPHONE TELECOM LTD, BANGLADESH and also endeavours to evaluate the quality and standards of this chosen company. GRAMEENPHONE TELECOM LTD is one of the leading telecommunication companies in Bangladesh which occupies the top position among its competitors through providing impenetrable network coverage all over the country. The main goal of this report is to conduct a quality audit and identify the quality gaps and to take effective measures to fill those quality gaps of GRAMEENPHONE TELECOM LTD. background of company GrameenPhone is now one of the leading telecommunication service providers in Bangladesh with more than 23 million subscribers as of  December 2009. In November 28, 1996 GrameenPhone was offered a cellular license in Bangladesh by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications with a view to covering the whole country with a good quality network. And with a great surprise after almost 10 years of its operation, GrameenPhone has over 10 million subscribers. Presently, there are about 50 million telephone users in the country, of which, a little over one million are fixed-phone users and the rest mobile phone subscribers. Starting its operations on March 26, 1997, the Independence Day of Bangladesh, GrameenPhone has come a long way. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor (55.8%), the largest telecommunications service provider in Norway with mobile phone operations in 12 other countries, and Grameen Telecom Corporation (34.2% ), a non-profit sister concern of the internationally acclaimed micro-credit pioneer Grameen Bank. The other 10% shares belong to 10%to general retail and institutional investors. Over the years, GrameenPhone has always been a pioneer in introducing new products and services in the local market. GP was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh when it launched its services in March 1997.The technological know-how and managerial expertise of Telenor has been instrumental in setting up such an international standard mobile phone operation in Bangladesh. Being one of the pioneers in developing the GSM service in Europe, Telenor has also helped to transfer this knowledge to the local employees over the years. Evaluating GrameenPhones strategic objectives Grameenphoness basic strategy is coverage of both urban and rural areas. In contrast to the island strategy followed by companies, which involves connecting isolated islands of urban coverage through transmission links, Grameenphone builds continuous coverage, cell after cell. While the intensity of coverage may vary from area to area depending on market conditions, the basic strategy of cell-to-cell coverage is applied throughout Grameenphones network. New manufacturing technologies are developing rapidly, resulting in new products/services, innovations and improvements in the manufacturing process, thus, requiring a proactive approach by organizations. To be proactive, organizations require innovative methods of performance measurement, to assess their progress towards achieving organizational mission, vision and strategic objectives. (Godwill Tapisi Mukonje, Performance measurement, pp. 72. MAM/, 2009.) 2.1 Maintaining quality network Over the years, the network division of Grameenphone has been ensuring the best-in-class GSM cellular mobile network for the customers in Bangladesh. Ensuring customer satisfaction through enhanced coverage, expanded capacity and improved quality and performance of the network continued to be the primary focus of the networks division. The GP network now covers over 98 percent of the population and over 87 percent of the land area with the remaining areas mostly falling under the Sundarbans and the Chittagong Hill Tract areas where mobile phone coverage is not allowed. The company invested more than BDT 35.8 billion in 2007 primarily to further expand the coverage and increase the capacity of its network. Radio Access Rollout: Base Stations 2.2 Corporate strategy: Grameenphone believes Development is a journey, not a destination, work is not just about ensuring connectivity; it is about connecting with people and building relationships, based on trust, with our subscribers, business partners, employees, shareholders, as well as the wider community. The company also believes that good development is a good business. While GP maintains business focus, taking the nation forward remains top priority. Thus relationship with Bangladesh is built on a partnership which strives to achieve common economic and social goals. Corporate social responsibility, as the company sees, it is a complementary combination of ethical and responsible corporate behavior, as well as a commitment towards generating greater good for the society by addressing the development needs of the country. The core strategy of GP in this area is to be Bangladeshs partner in developing the country, particularly in its promise, as a United Nations Millennium Declaration signatory, to meet the eight targets known as the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. GP has consolidated its social investment initiatives in four core areas related to the Millennium Development Goals: Poverty alleviation GP takes pride in developing the countrys infrastructure, in the urban areas. The company is of the view that eradication of poverty can be uprooted if illiteracy is removed from the country. GP regards Grameen Bank as a compatriot of its development work. Healthcare In healthcare sector GP has set a glowing example for others to follow providing immense healthcare facility even in the remote areas with the help of Tele Prescription and mobile clinic service to the people coastal areas. Empowerment GP has created more than 150,000 jobs in its premises and another 100,000 are related with GP as vendors, card retailers, marketing officers and so on. Education GP does come forward with initiatives to encourage the learners by holding various educational competitions such as drawing, essay writing, story composition and so on. It also gives scholarships to the meritorious students. 2.3 Vision and Mission Statement of GrameenPhone Vision: Vision is what an organization wants to do. The vision of Grameenphone Ltd is we are here to help. The company exists to help the customers get the full benefit of communications services in their daily lives. We want to make it easy for customers to get what they want, when they want it. To be a leading provider of telecommunication services all over Bangladesh with satisfied customers, shareholder, and enthusiastic employees Mission: Mission is end results of an organization where it wants to reach. Grameenphones mission is to bring digital revolution in Bangladesh by covering the whole country with network and to build up strong communication network even in the far remotest corner of the country. The quality audit The word Quality is comparative and it varies person to person. Quality is defined by a customer according to his demand. If someone is looking for some specifications in a certain items and the items conform to his expectation then the customer will be pleased to say the items maintain quality or good quality if he is very pleased. Quality dimensions Value Grameenphones manifesto is to add value to customers practical use making things simple and easy to understand. The company never forgets to try its customers lives easier. GP is focuses on creativity. So it brings energy and imagination to the work and wants to be partner in development and is passionate about its business, customers and country. The company understands what it should do and how to put things right. Over all GP acknowledges and respects local culture and comes forward with an open, helpful and friendly attitude. Fitness for use Grameenphone offers an increasing number of services for the customer varying from teenage group to aged people featuring according to their needs and very friendly staffs for the people of all classes. It takes pride because of the companys largest and smoothest network services to anywhere in the country and out of the country. So there should not be any mark of question for its fitness in comparison any other existing telecom companies in the region. Conformance to specification The company promises to provide the best services even in the remote corner of the country. Its slogan is to stay close how far the distance could be. GP works like a bridge to connect and facilitates to broaden the scope of communication. And the services GP provides conforms to the charges that customers pay for. Meeting or exceeding customers expectation GP is determined to meet the expectation of the customers and at times its lucrative offers exceedingly please the users. GP feels that to make the country more advanced there is no alternative to using internet. For this purpose GP has initiated some specialised Internet SIMs in market which enable the users to be connected through wireless network. Conformance to requirements GP services always conform to the requirements of the customers. Besides network services it comes forward with many initiatives to better the condition of society and it voluntarily serves the coastal inhabitants with free cautionary warning for coming dangers. GPs promise is to keep the whole country connected with very strong network web so that decentralisation can be done easily. Quality audit Conducting Quality Audit To conduct a quality audit certain methodologies have been adapted. In the first place data has been collected from different sources such as surveying 50 customers in terms of satisfaction on some factors and their answers have been analysed through minute observations. The results of the survey are given below: Appendix 1 Vertical axis shows 60 customers The survey was conducted among 60 users from city, suburban areas and urban areas. The above chart shows that out of 60 GP users 35 from city, 46 from suburban areas and 56 from urban areas having problem with call drops during calling. 2 from city, 5 from suburban areas and 6 from urban areas are complaining of overcharging instead of due call rate. And complicated tariff has created problemS among 12 in city, 17 in suburban areas and 28 in urban areas. 22 users from city, 27 from suburban areas and 38 from urban areas are dissatisfied with GPs poor network. But there is slight accusation for no network survey which says only o in city, 1 in suburban areas and 2 from urban areas. HAPPY, VERY HAPPY AND NOT HAPPY survey has also been conducted among 1000 users. The report is depicted below: HAPPY 20% VERY HAPPY 75% NOT HAPPY 15% Fishbone Diagram People Materials Management Marketing Hiring Network Tower standards Franchise Training Transports Vendor Devices Sponsorship Quality Improvement Maintenance Installation Introducing Design workloads freedom to work Specifications Capability secured Measurements Environment Equipment This fishbone diagram conspicuously illustrates the areas where to focus on to improve quality of this company. All the sectors need to be treated with equal importance. And in some case drastic measures have to take to further its improvement. An interview with the GP staffs has been very successful. The interview is carried through certain questions whether the staffs are happy or not happy giving answers YES/NO After completing the interview process it was analyzed and reviewed in 5 points covering the whole idea to identify the quality gaps. These gaps need to be filled up to ensure the standard quality of service/ product of GP Ltd. The outcomes of the staff interview have shown in the table given below: Sl Identified Issues Yes No 1 Good Wages and remunerations 85 15 2 Want more autocracy 87 13 3 Poor management 21 79 4 Poor internal communication facility 27 83 5 Environment in the work place needs improvement 65 35 The above table 1 to 5 is considered as to be the intensity of quality gaps in Grameenphone Ltd. The issues have to be taken seriously to improve the internal service quality of the company. The answer YES is showing things are ok and NO identifies immediate action plan to fill these gaps. Environmental (internal) analysis: Swot analysis of GrameenPhone Ltd Strength Reporting In comparison with other existing network companies in Bangladesh it can be agreed upon that GrameenPhone Bangladesh is in a good position to compete it business rivals if the company steadily maintain the strategy it has. But in near future BanglaLink Telecommunication may be hard competitor as the company is growing fast and trying to bridge the gaps that the GP has. So GP is supposed to lose its position within 5 years time. GPs business growth has reached a place from where rate of growth can be achieved between 15% 20% with 22 million customers. On the other hand BanglaLink telecom ltd goes on with 25%-30% having 15 million users. The result of quality audit/quality gaps Financial audit Balance sheet of year 2007 and 2006 in 000 BDT Assets: 2007 2006 Non-current assets: Property, plant and equipment, net Intangible assets Other non-current assets Current assets Total assets 80,318,190 1,275,733 16,064 81,609,987 6,815,054 88,461,041 55,413,498 888,407 12,560 56,314,465 10,442,193 66,756,658 Equity and liabilities: Shareholders equity Share capital Reserves Retained earnings 2,430,350 2,169,803 21,510,954 26,111,107 2,430,350 2,169,803 19,909,324 24,509,477 Non-current liabilities: Loans and borrowings, net of current portion Finance lease obligations, net of current portion Deferred tax liability Other non-current liabilities Current liabilities Total equity and liabilities 3,367,620 5,315,559 16,510,153 711,946 25,905,278 34,444,656 88,461,041 2,448,452 4,229,277 11,097,313 904,567 18,669,609 23,567,572 66,756,658 Key financial ratios: Net profit of turnover 6% 16% Return on total assets (ROTA) 18% 27% Earning per share (EPS) 54.14 132.41 Dividend per share (DPS) 26.66 25.80 Dividend payout ratio 49% 19% Slow progress in network setup GrameenPhone has been quite innovative but it made slow progress. 189 additional connections were made during this year, making a total of 221 village phones by the end of 1998. The deployment of Village Phones has also been lower than expected, mainly due to the poor coverage in rural areas. This was due to a reduction in projected investments. 1998 has, however, been a valuable year for testing out the Village Phone concept. The experiences gained during the year show in almost all respects that the Village Phone concept is a feasible business proposition. Several studies have been undertaken, and the general conclusion is that it is a viable and profitable business for the village phone operators, who on average earned a net daily profit of US$2, more than double the per capita income in Bangladesh. (GrameenPhone websites) Operational performance interconnection problem persists The drop call, overcharging, complicated tariff, poor network and no network in Appendix 1 are found in a survey that shows problems are still persistent in the services. Financial results for the year 1998 The Company has made a negative net result of BDT 641.511 million (US$13.092 million) during the year 1998 compared to BDT 354.239 million (US$ 7.229 million) for the nine months ended December 1997. The main reasons behind this unsatisfactory financial performance are due to the non achievement of the projected sales volume due to the stoppage of sales with PSTN connections after July 1998. Another reason was the competitive market. On the other hand, due to heavy congestion in the network and limited PSTN channels, GrameenPhone had to offer a number of concessions on all of the existing packages. All of the above reasons plus lost revenue in calls and airtime resulted in a loss. The variable costs were also unfavourable because BTTB did not accept the basic principle of Senders keep all in sharing the revenues. The fixed or periodic costs were more or less in line with the budget and were on the lower side. The interest costs, on the other hand, were higher compared to institutional financing. The cash flow situation became acute when GrameenPhone was unable to draw from the IFC/CDC/ADB credit line. Even the NORAD loan was at stake just before draw down and was solved by a guarantee from Telenor AS. However, we were not able to draw down Norwegian Kroner (NOK) 15.0 million in 1998 due to amendments required in the operating license. (GrameenPhone website) Recommendations Conducting quality audit on GrameenPhone Telecom, these following recommendations have been made to remain market leader in the days to come. Existing market and its products frequently compels an organization to develop new products and in doing so the company can hold it current position and make forward steps to remain dominant in the market. GrameenPhone is suggested to consolidate its position by protecting the market share it has and maintaining the quality of existing products sold within existing market sectors and can derive benefit in doing so. GP also can lower its tariff cutting the cost on advertisements which may create more customers. Thus, GP has to consolidate to protect and strengthen its present position. Market penetration is a vital tool to exploit the market and include more consumers for long. It can be achieved by penetrating the new market with new products. In static market opportunities are more for the small competitors like City Cell, Aktel, Tele Talk to succeed with small but effective packages. Consequently GP will lose large market share. Withdrawal of some products that are causing adverse effect on business will be a wise decision. GP needs to hold, harvest or build existing services withdrawing some complicated tariff. Making franchise for certain products or selling some of the shares to the locals can also be good strategy. Extending the existing product range to develop a completely new product range is a good strategy to adapt. As a developing country Bangladesh has got huge demand for internet. People are more aware of new technologies now and are willing to be connected with modern communication technology. So GP can initiate Wireless Broadband for the first time which is expected to stir the whole market. Expanding into new geographic market is a classic form of market development which can be quite handy for GP. To face the challenges of globalization and to operate in market across the world GrameenPhone can make a big stride towards progress and expansion. GP can also diversify its marketing policy and products ranging different services and products such as iPhones with free minutes and unlimited internet which is going to change customers taste into different one. GrameenPhone added 11,000 new subscriptions in 1998. This was less than its target. By the year-end, the total number of subscribers was close to 31,000, far ahead of the three other mobile operators. The problem of not having enough interconnection capacity to the PSTN led to congestion on the call route between the GrameenPhone and PSTN networks. Existing subscribers complained, which reduced sales to a minimum. In July, sales of new ubscriptions with access to the PSTN were stopped altogether. At the same time, GrameenPhone started selling subscriptions without access to the PSTN, but with access to all other mobile operators. Sales of these new subscriptions, however, made very slow progress. With some new interconnection channels to the PSTN in Dhaka, and opening of the network in Chittagong with PSTN access, sales started to pick up again.Much effort went into planning new marketing initiatives. The focus was shifted from big corporations to small and medium sized enterprises. More sales points were established, and a new distribution strategy was underway. These activities led to positive results, and by November, the sales started to pick up quickly. Towards the end of the year, the sales of mobile-to-mobile subscriptions, now named GP-GP, showed quite positive results. Implementation There was no scope for short-term solutions. Down time on base stations was very low and created almost no traffic disturbances. On-call duties were established for all critical areas and a demanding system for round the clock fault handling and repairs was introduced. Conclusion GP is proud of Good owner structure, availability of backbone network( optical fiber), financial soundness, present market leader, brand name/ GrameenPhone image, skilled human resource, largest geographical coverage, eligible human resource and infrastructure installation all over the country through Bangladesh railway and grameen bank, access to the widest rural distribution network through grameen bank, high ethical standard. An excuse not to solve problems because of mixture of different cultures, different departments not working together, poor interconnection with BTTB, not good enough public relation, sometimes a tendency to be arrogant, complicated high pricing structure, billing system cant handle sophisticated billing, net work problem, line disconnections without any information, no long term distribution/channel strategy. Economic growth of Bangladesh, new and better interconnection agreement, huge need for telecom services, increased intentional activities in Bangladesh, declining prices for the handsets and SIM cards, future privatisation of the fixed network, new international gateway, demand for the inter-city communication, growth in other operator will give more connection. More rigid government regulation, more influence of competitors on the fixed net work, change of government might lead to competitors, devaluation of currency, sabotage of installation, political instability, non-co-operation of government and fixed PSTN (public service telephone network), risk of fire in the GPs installations, price war, non availability of funds, BTTB has limited capacity for interconnection, high call charge. The results of the year have been given in terms of sales and income. However, the network operations have been expanded, although investments had to be reduced due to a lack of funds. The financial situation has been very tight. In spite of these difficulties, GrameenPhones number of subscribers has gradually grown to exceed 35,000, and its market position, as the leader of the cellular operators, has been consolidated. It is with renewed optimism that the company faces the next year. After the end of 1998, the license agreement was suitably amended and the license was issued in the name of GrameenPhone Ltd. The company now has the option of pledging its assets to secure loan finances. The report satisfied that by the end of March 1999, the company achieved the targeted number of 35,000 subscriptions. These two events remove the main barriers for securing the much needed institutional financing within May 1999. Other good news is the recommitment by NORAD to provide NOK 15.0 million for the 1999 budget of GrameenPhone.

Things Fall Apart :: essays research papers

Truman Capote was first introduced to the story of the brutal killing of the Clutter family one morning in November of 1959, while flicking through The New York Times, I encountered on a deep inside page, this headline: Wealthy Farmer, 3 of Family Slain? (Capote, 3). He decided to write about the crime committed in Kansas, because ?murder was a theme not likely to darken and yellow with time? (Capote, 3). Capote promptly headed for Kansas, where he spent six years researching, solving, and writing about the unforgivable act. Truman Capote?s In Cold Blood, the final product of his years of research, is a masterfully written account of the cold-blooded murder of the Clutter family in Holcomb, Kansas in 1959. In writing In Cold Blood, Capote presents the blood-curdling story of the brutal killing of the Clutter family in a journalistic style, and is able to exclude his point of view on all of the events; ?The most difficult thing in In Cold Blood is that I never appear in it, but I sol ved it?The whole thing was done from Al Dewey?s point of view? (Newsweek, 60). Because of Capote?s immeasurable talent for writing, he is able to present factual events, just as in a journalistic article, in a style that seems similar to a fiction novel. His focus in In Cold Blood is on the facts of the events which occur before, during, and after the murder of Mr. Clutter; Kenyon, his fifteen year old son; Nancy, his 16 year old daughter; and, Bonnie, his wife. Capote?s emphasis on the facts can be seen through his thorough account of what the murderers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, took from the Clutter?s house, which was about thirty dollars from Mr. Clutter?s billfold, some change and a dollar or two? (239) from Mrs. Clutter, a silver dollar from Nancy, and a radio. Added up, Perry and Dick gained ?between forty and fifty dollars? (246) from their visit to the Clutter?s house. As well as being written in a journalistic style, In Cold Blood is written in a documentary style, whi ch switches back and forth from the worlds of the Clutter family, and later of the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, to the terrible half-world in which the two murderers live? (McCabe, 561). By writing in the documentary style, Capote is able to be specific about the thoughts, feelings, and actions of all of the characters separately, making each character?

Time Management Essay -- Business Management Studies

Time Management The largest percentage of my time went into sleeping which isn’t a surprise, however tracking how I used my time made it obvious that further time management was needed to achieve my maximum potential. Such improvements would be to the undesirable categories: Structured and Un-structured leisure, a decrease by half the amount of hours used by these categories would assist my private studies and improve my overall academic performance. This should lead to a third of my time into travelling, eating, class contact, structured and un-structured leisure. And another third into private study and finally the last third into sleeping. Trying this new arrangement of time keeping provided to be a positive outcome in my day to day activities as it provided a strong backbone to my time management. In general, the hours used by the other categories are acceptable to maintain some balance and relaxation for the mind and body to sustain motivation and some social life. Overall reflection on personal strengths and weaknesses re time management based on evidence in my diary. The f...

Misguided Gothic Authors :: gothic

Misguided Gothic Authors      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In many ways the fascination with the gothic style of art, represented by music, literature, film, and others, is nothing more than a way for the observer to escape from real life and its many responsibilities. Gothic art claims to be profound and contain great esoteric meaning with life changing impact, yet the characters and the message are more often weak, unproductive, crippled, or even mad. Examples of this flaw in the argument in favor of the gothic imagination are given in the works by Beethoven, Goethe, Rice, and Gilman. It will be revealed that these authors have been misguided often by their own escapist nature to create a false reality and promote it as meaningful. In truth, the gothic imagination is the imagination of those who are looking for an excuse for their laziness and purpose behind their protective depression.      Ã‚   There is no question that the work of Beethoven are tremendous and phenomenal. His talent as a composer has rarely been closely met. The maturation of his compositions show a growth of important musical literature that admitted have changed the world within and without the realm of music. This fact has been a powerful tool carried by those promoting the gothic imagination for far too long. It is true that Beethoven was deaf and that he had difficult relations with his family as well as various women in his life. This gives no call for belief that he was any different than any of the other millions of people in the world that have been in the same situation. It is suggested that his great works were due to his suffering and gothic mind. It is suggested that he struggled and transcended because he was a gothic hero. The abuse of the contributions of such a remarkable musician is almost in excusable. In attempts to justify their own suffering and to give excuse for their inabil ity to operate within normal human society, the gothics will say that Beethoven was misunderstood, suffered, and died miserably, and so will they. They have given up to the world and now feel justified in doing so.      Ã‚   Beethoven was a man with a great amount of talent and influence in his world which does set him apart somewhat from others. He also had a great deal of pain in his life which sets him apart from very few others in this world.

Language Learning Strategies Essay

Japanese designed site meant for starters in English language. In it are so many great links that are not only useful but also interesting to kids and other ESL learners. The reason for making it interesting is that kids may get bored if the material is not appealing to them. This site is maintained by TESL, the internet journal and the input is from teachers across the globe. This gives a lot of credibility to the site. Several books also have information meant for ESL learners and teachers. One of them is Oxford’s (1990) Language Learning Strategies outlines what a teacher should know in his/her quest to make learners be competent in English as a second language. It gives all the strategies, their pros and cons, the appropriate level of learners’ cognitive abilities that are in tandem with each strategy and the methods of evaluation of the learners’ understanding after a new concept is initiated. The book cannot be said to fully cover all the participants in the learning environment. Teachers and what they should know have been heavily outlined but the learner has been considerably left out. The ESL competence of the learner will by and large depend on what the teacher has to offer and not what the learner can do to improve his/her ESL competence. Mayer, in Weinstein (1988), Learning and Study Strategies: Issues in Assessment, Instruction and Evaluation tackles issues pertinent to holistic ESL learning namely assessing, instruction and evaluation. The learner needs to be instructed, assessed and evaluated on the much that a teacher has taught him/her. The book is therefore a masterpiece in enabling a well structured acquisition of ESL competence by a learner. The focus here is on the learner and has he teacher as guide, an assessor and evaluator of the progress the learner has made after a given time. The kindergarten kids have been catered for those teaching them will gain the skills to lead them in becoming competent. Elly (`1991), in his book Acquiring Literacy in a Second Language maintains that other than using structured audio-lingual programs , children should be exposed to a variety of story books and motivated to read and share what they get with other children. This way, they are able to acquire the second language easily. Their grasping of vocabularies becomes easy since they find them in the books they read as opposed to teaching them vocabularies non-contextually. The implication in Elly’s book is that practical as opposed to theoretical approach to ESL teaching and learning should be adopted. In terms therefore it content value, this book is invaluable. Boyle and Suzanne (1990) in Literary Scaffolds outline the strategies for firs and second language leaders and writers. It provides scaffolding activities which enhance successful intercourse with the print works and shows children how to read and write. Scaffolding is discussed and how it enhances writing and reading. Teachers and students of ESL can find invaluable information in this book. Genishi (1989) in Observing the Second Language Learner: An example of Teachers Learning illustrates how a kindergarten teacher recorded her observation of some ESL learners thus making critical points on effective language teaching and learning. She observed, according to this book, that each learner followed his/her own timetable and a unique path in learning a second language. It also states that it is important to enhance the activities and situations that provide an opportunity of talking by learners. Lastly, it emphasizes the central part the teacher plays in the language learning environment. This way, they are able to practice what they already know via exchanging with others. This book borrows from the Psychological aspect of behavioral learning whereby children learn from the environment and thus cutting a niche in being one of the best books for use by both teachers and college or University students learning or preparing to teach ESL. In conclusion, the books used are generally relevant based on their individual assistance to learners and teachers of ESL although they most of them are a decade old. The sites too provide the necessary information for those teachers of ESL wishing to help kindergarten kids acquire ESL competence. Students of ESL in colleges and Universities will find these sites vital. References Starters in English language, (2005), available at http://www. aitech. ac. jp/~iteslj/ESL. html: retrieved on 12 Feb 2009. Strategies for learning English as a second language, (2007), available at theenglishweb. com, retrieved on 13 Feb 2009. English as a second language, (2008), available at http://cla. univ-fcomte. fr/english/index_s. htm: retrieved on 14 Feb 2009. ESL for Kindergarten kids, (2006), available at http://home. earthlink. net/~mediadesigns/Calendar. html, retrieved on 12 Feb 2009 ESL teaching strategies, (2007), available at http://iteslj. org/Articles/Lessard-Clouston-Strategy. html retrieved on 10 Feb 2009. Oxford, R. (1990): Language Learning Strategies. New York, Newbury House Mayer, R. (1988): Learning Strategies: An Overview, in Weinstein, C et. al (Eds. ) New York, Academic Press. Genishi, C. (1989) Observing the Second Language Learner: An Example of Teacher’s Learning New York, Prentice Hall Elly, W. B (1991): Acquiring Literacy in a Second Language, Baltimore. Collins Publishers Boyle, O. F & Suzanne, F. P. (1990): Literacy Scaffolds† Strategies for First and Second Language Readers and Writers. New York, McGraw Hill

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

1. The Sapir-Whorf sup persuasion blottot the comprehension of the populace for an individual determines by the background linguistics formation or grammar. In former(a) words, style which use in his or her goal put to work his or her thought, idea, opine of the world. Explanation of this surmise will be more apprehensible by ensamples. heathenish emphasis is virtuoso of the popular examples of Sapir-Whorf surmisal. heathenish emphasis is if a polish A counts more than roughly certain opinion an former(a)(a) culture B, the culture A tends to see more reality of word that the culture B near the aspect.For example, in English words related to family relationship might be 20 or less aunt, uncle, father, engender, nanna, grandfather, great grandm separate or grandfather, son, daughter, cousin, father/m few new(prenominal)wise in law, kin. In contrast, Korea has roughly 70 or more, which is a natural result as Confucianism was widely spread in Korea. some otherwise(a) obvious example to pardon nearly Sapri-Whorf Hypothesis is magazine, and post. In the book, Whorf look at studied to relieve his groundless reckoning with term which is the nearly common n wizns in the English language according to the Lera Boroditskys lecture.The Indo-Europeans (most western sandwich people) lieu the magazine in three major tenses- medieval, throw, and future. thus fara federal agency though past and future is an solicit belief comp ar to present, the language of western people consider past and future s real as present. in that respectfore, the Indo-Europeans adjudge a cultural form of beat unit of measure handsts(century, decade, year, month, imagine solar day, hour, minute dis human existencetle out minutes), and from that form in that location be polar other cultural form as records, histories, calendars, and even stock markets.However, the Hopis has different concept of time target, and subjective. The objective i s a detail which exist, and the subjective is a state is becoming. In other words, rather than past, present, future, in that respect be things becoming that has individual life rhythms akin growing, declining, or changing as plants, weather, or any other form of mother nature does. Therefore, Hopis akinly to view the present (objectives) as becoming (subjective) canful keep back it off to pass. Even Korea, had different concept of time before novelization.People divided a day in 12(based on Zodiac) in other words two hours was the smallest universal unit of time in Korea. So, occasionally, a hero should wait for to the highest degree 2hours. By this cultural difference with western society, create a word Korean Time(organism lazy) during the Korean War and the word is listed on Oxford Dictionary. Lera Boroditsky veritcapable Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis by comparing time and space. She insists that the concept of time order in space differs by culture.Lera obtain shown an e nkindle video clip of 3D spatial jellwork forcet which is arranging time order if there is a dot floating on the air. Koreans whitethorn arrange time exchangeable fall uponfast-lunch-dinner(1-2-3/horizontal order) or breakfast(up)/lunch(mid)/dinner(bottom) in the self-orientated positioning as Korean society had authoritative western literacy of cultivation left to right, alone still has some cultural reap of reading up to bottom. However, the Kuuk family lines answer differs by their direction.They will arrange time as 3-2-1 while go rough north, and will arrange time by 1-2-3 while facing south. This order is delimit by the direction of sunrise and sunset( eastern hemisphere to west) and this is a consequence of a culture of tell hello as where be you liberation and the possible answer for the Kuuk people is outlying(prenominal) over there to the north-north-east or To the whoremonger of south west to clean by hand at south east. In a nutshell, Sapir, and Whorf cl aims people rede their world by their linguistic system which is highly related to culture.By comparing Hopis, Korean and Indo-Europeans, We could acknowledge that he norm of time is different by culture and by comparing Kuuk Thaayorre people, and Korean, we could pack that the arranging time differs by cultural sense of space. Consequently, Sapir-Whorf hypothesis affirmms quite conditionable as individually group of people thinks and acts differently by the form of cultural language. reference point http//fora. tv/2010/10/26/Lera_Boroditsky_How_Language_Shapes_Thoughtfullprogram David S. Thomsons (2011/10/25). The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Worlds Shaped by Words.Retrieved from http//uee. unist. ac. kr/webapps/portal/frameset. jsp? tab_tab_grou p_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_7103_1%26url%3D 2. The critics of Sapri-Whorf Hypothesis had insisted the bond amongst culture and language, doubts the relevancy of soulfulnesss view o f the world. The example of Shona which clan has totally three course of study of colorise does non mean that Shonas eye is psycho pellucidly different and cant see rainbow as English-speakers do. Its conscionable sonorous to speak the definition of the color.Moreover, Whorf probably didnt consider dead allegorys for Hopi language. For example, beau ideal be with you, doesnt mean that psyche will imagine divinity being with him. I do admit that Sapir-Whorf Hypothesiss example has some risk of uncertainties as it is hard to all understand culture of Shona or Hopies for Whorf of other people. However, I do not add together that it Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is wrong twofold one is the hypothesis is more related to psychical state of people rather than physiologic state and the other is dead metaphor still affects in other musical mode.First, even though it is true that people physiologically that kind eyes atomic number 18 afore man business leadertioned(prenominal), it doesnt mean they recognise at the same way as others. For example there is an experiwork forcet from BBC Do you see what I see that could reject critics concern. A someone from BBC went to the population, Himba. The western experimenter showed 12 colorise which only one color is different. The western mortal have shown 11 colors of no. 80-188-12(red,green, blueweed), and some other color of no. 93-188-2(red,green,blue).Both colors seem green and it is pretty hard to recognize the difference of us nevertheless, the Himba recognize them without hesitation. In another experiment, the western someone has shown 11 colors no. 35-95-65 and one color of no. 35-95-110. To the western, the two colors is apparently divided as blue and green however, this is not the case of Himba folk. And the second experiment seemed handle a mired problem for the Himba. Second, although it is a dead metaphor it still influences in an indirect way of persons view of the world.Even the words God bless you, or God be with you centre just goodish luck, it still influences the view of the world. Though the person isnt Christian, the linguistic system means that there is a culture of Christianity that is recognizable. There is an obvious difference of knowing about Christian and not knowing about Christian. A person knows about Christian heard Im a Christian, he or she whitethorn see the person with some wrong moreover a person who doesnt know about the Christian wint care that much about it. In onclusion, although it is insecure to define another culture from the western view, it doesnt mean that Sapir-Whorf is wrong. As matter of fact, critics concern about physiological view of the eye wasnt related adequate to the problem of human thought, and the dead metaphor still gave influence to the persons view of his or her own world. Reference David S. Thomsons (2011/10/25). The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Worlds Shaped by Words. Retrieved from http//uee. unist. ac. kr/webapps/portal/ frameset. jsp? tab_tab_grou p_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_7103_1%26url%3DBBC HORIZON (2011/08/20) Do you See what I see? www. youtube. com/ trip up? v=4b71rT9fU-I 5. People occasionally see separately other sex as a different creature and we slow have misconceptions about the differences in the midst of. Deborah Tannen argued both women and men much feel they are not getting sufficient credit for what they have done, are not being listened to, are not getting ahead as fast as they should. (p. 64) He explains several(prenominal) conditions why people misunderstand different sex with twofold aspects informal rituals, and strategies.In conversational rituals, Tannen claims men often involve development opposition such as banter, joking, teasing, and arch put-downs, and expending effort to avoid the one-down position in the interaction. while women are often ways of maintaining an appearance of equality, taking into circular the effect of the exchange on the other person, and expending effort to downplay the speakers potence so they can get the melody done without flexing their muscles in an obvious way. For example, men tend to speak quite direct, including emotions, like Hey ChickenGo and clean your teasing the room by contrast, women might choose I think it would be rightfully nice if the room is cleaned even though she thinks the room is dirty and disgusting. Tennen insist custody whose oppositional strategies are interpreted literally may be seen as hostile when they are not, and their efforts to ensure that they avoid appearing one-down may be taken as arrogance. When women use conversational strategies designed to avoid appearing boastful and to take the other persons feelings into account, they may be seen as less confident and competent than they actually are. According to my experience, among friends betwixt men, the conversation between friends includes insult. Usually, the more tr ust, the more insults exist between male friends however, women tends to appraise nearly everything from individually one other, appearance, clothing, make ups, and so on. For instance, there is a famous example of a true-ish tommyrot related to this. There is a couple. The man met his old friend in search of her girlfriend. While being happy clashing with his friend, suddenly, she said Lets break up, I didnt knew you were such a crude person. The man was just masking friendship in a universal way of other men do.In conclusion, men and women are easy to have misconceptions each other as they have their own cultural-like difference between. The gap of between is not only be puzzle of the conversational rituals, but likewise, the strategies they use. Reference Women and Men Talking on the Job, from Talking from 9 to 5 by Debora Tannen. Copyright ? 1994 by Deborah Tannen. 6. The culture of Kula, the Potlatch, and food taboo (pigs in the reading) are seems quite imprudent from th e view of modern society led by western culture. However, it exist whether it is awkward or not for us.Through Marvin Harris logical objective point of view in adaptation, being economic, or being ecological, I would run my possible reason of why these culture exist. In the Milne verbalize Province of Papua New Guinea the 18 island community holds a c drift offd transaction system called Kula or Kula Ring. The Kula was an enclosed trading system for only few old male trading partners from each island were able to participate. With only a large outrigger navigation canoes, the long life-risking voyages were taken for this patronage. And the result of this trade is to have few so-called luxuries which are made out of shells or connatural form.This strange custom that was held between islands far apart had beneficial aspects for the each tribe. First, each tribe can show diplomacy. The bump reciprocity of each tribe overseas, the power of the island tribe is more influential. Second reason is that men of the tribe can have more unity. When people go through with(predicate) a hardship which is people each other feels more unity as more risk was involved in the incident. Through, this dangerous voyage, men in the tribe could have strong unity of divergence through hardship. Lastly, island tribe could have break off economic spot.By using surplus, they could get abstruse and have more stable deliverance of the island tribe. Potlatch is an undated ceremony which is held for incidents to celebrate like sons marriage, the birth of a child, a daughters starting menses, and so on. During the potlatch, tribal leader tenders to other tribe member a bed covering which includes not only providing foods and presents, but also burning or tearing paterfamiliass own property. Marvin Harris explained this as First, it is a feast for unity. And it could actualize his or her status as a patriarch. By showing off in front of other member of the tribe, he could uni fy his tribe by earning respect.As respect could give the cause of gathering more asset of from his tribe member, he could continually gather and lose money and sustain his reputation as a tribe leader. Second, it is a way of bragging his power to other tribe with less blood or war. During Potlatch, other tribe leading occasionally been invited. And the invited leaders have moral duty to frank another Potlatch in his tribe. Through the ceremony, the tribe leader could show the economic function or power of the tribe. Therefore, each patriarch could show better diplomacy to other tribe.Raising hog is one of the most economical ways of getting protein comparing between the amount of meat and the crops consumed. Nevertheless, ledger describe pig as a hellion and not to be eaten. And Islamic variance of Bible is still followed today. Though it seems not rational in present, Qurans taught was greatly reasonable dozen centuries ago. Quran was an enshrined book for the nomadic people in the Middle East which is filled with dessert. For them, piddle is more valuable then diamond. And among the cows that nomadic people raise, pigs were the best consumers of piddle at that moment.Also, pigs that are raise in farms had more economical regard as as they simply dont have to move and burn fat as much the nomadic people do. intimately of all, pigs cannot exertion. They dont have sweat hole as other mammals do. Their adaptations werent for the hot weather itself and easily died in the hot and dry dessert condition. Harriss argument is there is always a very logical reason for a culture whether it is strange or normal. And his logical reasons could be found by an objective point of view such as in adaptation, being economical, or being ecological.References http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kula_ring http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Trobriand_Islands http//anthro. palomar. edu/economy/econ_3. htm 7. The Native Americans of the groovy intelligible were highly depended th eir lives to buffalos. Buffalos were not only the regularity of food, but almost everything they need shelter, clothing, fuel, tools, weapons, and other equipment by using buffalos horn, skin, and even dung. Nevertheless, the Native Americans of the Great on the face of it never worshiped them. Instead, they worshiped Mother Nature, and Father Sky.In other words, they believed everything living and of nature had a spirit I believe that Marvin Harrison might figure this reason as that buffalos were very large for them, and buffalos were not the only sprit that influenced Native Americans but, most of all, if they have worshiped buffalos, the ritual of hunting devoted buffalos might be thought as taboo. Buffalos economical value exists only by killing them. As they were valuable, but not valuable enough not to kill, the belief of Totemism might have been a great alternative to them. Reference Darko-Adara (2009. 04. 20) Psychology Concert, StarBooks, Seoul http//en. wikipedia. rg /wiki/Plains_Indians http//www. buffalofieldcampaign. org/aboutbuffalo/bisonnativeamericans. html midterm Essay AHS10404 20101695 Lee, Sang-Deok Answered questions 1. Define the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and explain it by giving examples of cultural emphasis. In your answer, refer unique(predicate)ally to the concepts of time and space in your language. Your answer should refer to the reading AND the lecture by Lera Boroditsky (10 points) 2. State how critics of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis criticize the hypothesis and discuss whether you fit out or not, and support your argument with specific examples in your own language (5 points). . set forth Tannens arguments about why men and women misunderstand each other, and find some examples from your experience or from other descents. (5 points) 6. differentiate the Kula, the Potlatch, and food taboo in the readings. How would Marvin Harris (possibly) explain all these cultural practices? Discuss Harris arguments in relation to these t hree practices. (10 points) 7. Native Americans of the Great Plains never worshiped the buffalo. Why not? base on what Harris has written, can you think of reasons why they did not worship the animal that was the source of their food? (extra 3 points)