ACCT - Principles of Managerial Accounting Essay - 2

ACCT - Principles of Managerial Accounting - Essay Example Some decisions are taken to prevent worsening of situations in the short term, but these decisions may have negative implications in the long run. In the given case, the purchase of CD raw materials should be recorded in the current year expenses since the purchase is already complete on 15th November. Adjusting expenses and posting transactions as per accounting convenience is a regular practice within organizations. In this case the CFO’s instruction to post the expenses in the current year even though the material purchased will be used in the next financial year is justified since the purchase has already taken place in the current year. Hence the decision is morally justified and does not reflect unfair accounting practice. Moral and ethical decisions in such contexts do present challenges to accountants who are well aware of the unfair accounting practices. However, the primary challenge lies in the fact that opposing the CFO or senior management decision may have negative implications on accountant job security and employment conditions. Accounting frameworks and standards provide the essential parameters for fair practice. Any decision that goes against these standards or code of ethics for accountants must be opposed on grounds of possible negative implications in the long run. The job allocation process of the company involves allotting jobs to contractors on the basis of low cost and high quality. The two different categories of contractors involved in this process are the general contractors and the government contractors. It has been noticed that the bidding price of the government contractors involve a certain percentage of overhead that is added to the cost of production. The profit percentage is thus specified and this leverages the government contractors’ position in terms of distinct cost plus profits for jobs allocated. The general contractors thus find themselves at a disadvantage since they have to compete

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Literature - Essay Example In fact, children’s literature is a tool for cultural transmission and they reveal and are illuminated by the values of the time in which they were written. This paper seeks to explore Hollindale’s concept of the reader as an ideologist and the idea that meaning is inevitably inferential in a text is explored with special reference to Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. One should have a thorough theoretical background of Peter Hollindale’s concepts of how ideology is at work in Children’s book. For Hollindale, ideology operates at three different levels within texts: explicit ideology (which includes the values and beliefs that the author consciously intends in the text), implicit ideology (unexamined values which the author is unaware of conveying), and the ideologies of the dominant culture (widely accepted values of the dominant culture that prevails in the given time and place of the text). These three levels of ideology are at work in any piece of texts and no doubt the reader’s perception of the text is very much affected by the level these ideologies occur. In this respect, Trites (2000, p. 70) observes how Hollindale â€Å"distinguishes explicit textual ideology from implicit textual ideology by asking us to investigate the messages the author intends to communicate in conjunction with those he communicates passively as â€Å"unexamined assumptions†; thus, for Hollindale the text communicates two opposing levels of ideology-one that the text explicitly states or implies directly and the other and inferred by the reader in the text. Thus, the implied meaning comes from the author whereas the inferred meaning originates from the reader and can vary from one reader to another depending on how one perceives the text. The authorial intended meaning dominated literary criticism in the past and theorists were preoccupied with the implied meaning that the

Women in the Struggle for America's Independence Research Paper - 2

Women in the Struggle for America's Independence - Research Paper Example A woman is not equal to a man, but more equal! She has shown her capacity to challenge the complex roles, hitherto not performed by her, when historical necessities demanded them from her. During the various wars, her brave and sterling qualities were displayed. Her one such important challenge was the war of the American Revolution. Why the American Revolution is unique from the perspective of women The American Revolution was unique as for its cultural and social aspects. Women involved themselves in different fonts and often served multiple objectives. The perspectives of participation in war efforts of the elite white women with their intellectual background were different from the black and Native American women. They played their multiple roles in different segments of revolution. Carol Berkin, in her book, â€Å"Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence,† provides a gendered portrait of multiple revolutions. The author has attempted to tell a complex story in a simple tone, not filled with aggression or malice. She writes, â€Å"When men went off to fight the war, either on the battlefield or in the storehouses, women accepted the need to step in and direct household affairs, run the farm or shop, arm themselves against the enemy, and protect their families from danger.† (xvi) They were fighting a war of survival in most of the cases and the day to day challenges was unpredictable. The developments in the war front, the victories and setbacks, constantly played upon their psychology while managing their onerous responsibilities. Women not â€Å"passive observers,† rather â€Å"partners† Berkin has provided ample examples of women’s exploits that she hailed them as the Revolutionary Mothers. She argues, during the period of Revolution, women were not â€Å"passive observers" but rather "partners" with their husbands, brothers, fathers and sons (p. xv).

Hooke's Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hooke's Law - Essay Example The resistance force is directly proportional to the amount of stretch of the material being stretched. This relationship is described by Hooke’s law of Elasticity which states that, ‘when an object such as a spring or a metal is stretched by a distance say x, the restoring force, F which is exerted by the object is directly proportional to the stretch until the material reaches the elasticity limit’ (Pickover, 2008). Elastic limit is the point at which beyond it, the material is not restored to its original shape. This relationship is indicated in equation below in which F stands for restoration force, x is the stretch length and k is the constant of proportionality. From Newton’s second, force is directly proportional to mass, i.e. , Replacing F with mg in Hooke’s law equation, the equation becomes This can be re – arranged to give Plotting a graph of extension versus mass gives a straight line whose gradient is the ratio of since g is known , which is the elasticity constant can be calculated by dividing gravitational field strength by the slope. Also, the Hooke’s law can be interpreted by the equation Whereby F is the force, K is the elastic constant and x is the extension / stretch. Plotting a graph of force against the stretch distance results in a line passing through the origin of the graph and its gradient is k, which the elasticity constant of the material. The elasticity constant of a material varies with the type of the material. In this experiment, the elasticity of various materials will be investigated by studying the extent to which they obey hook’s law (Raymond & Chris, 2011). Also, the periodic motion of a spring will be studied. Apparatus The following apparatus were used in this experiment, Metre stick mass hanger Steel spring 10 g and 100 g masses Retort stand Rubber cord Methodology One end of the rubber cord was fixed firmly onto the retort stand while the other end attached to the mas s. This is as indicated in the diagram below. The relaxed length, of the rubber cord was measured with no mass attached and then determination of suitable mass ranges to be utilized in measuring the rubber cord extension was done. The masses were then successfully applied onto the rubber cord and the extension length recorded. Several masses were added successfully and the length extension measured making sure the cord is not overloaded to prevent permanent deformation. This procedure was repeated using two different springs and the resulting data were recorded in form of a table as below. Results and discussion Results for spring 1 Extension, x (m) Mass 0.0093 2 0.0225 4 0.0415 6 0.0588 8 0.0710 10 From the graph, a graph of force against extension was plotted as below. The equation of the resulting graph is . This implies that the slope of the line is 0.6538, thus the constant of elasticity, k is 9.81/0.6538=14.9088. Spring 2 results Mass Extension(m) 0 0 2 0.002644 4 0.005288 6 0 .010575 8 0.013219 10 0.015863 The equation of the resulting graph is. This implies that the slope of the line is 0.0017, thus the constant of elasticity, k is 9.81/0.0017=57.7. Spring 3 Results Mass Extension 0 0.00 2 2.64 4 5.29 6 10.58 8 13.22 10 15.86 The equation of the resulting graph is This implies that the slope of the line is 1.66 and therefore It’s expected that the graph passes through the origin, but in this case,

Legal Issues Affecting the Healthcare Work place Research Paper

Legal Issues Affecting the Healthcare Work place - Research Paper Example Bullying can include a series of incidents when overt or covert aggression can be inflicted on a person through spreading of rumors, withholding data, blocking promotion, or inflicting psychological abuse through exclusion (Leonard, Norman, and Spring, 2009). Horizontal violence is also a form of bullying, but it involves non-physical acts of aggression between employees of similar hierarchical positions. It includes: criticizing, insulting, undermining, and bickering (Leonard, Norman, and Spring, 2009). Mobbing involves negative actions of a group directed towards one employee. Parties involved may be those of higher positions abusing those in power positions. Workplace abuse may either be physical through shoving, pushing, and be kicking, or it may also be verbal through berating or threatening; it may be active or passive, and it may also be directly or indirectly carried out. In healthcare, studies and reviews indicate that these workers are about 16 times more likely to suffer workplace violence as compared to other employees. Moreover, nurses who are often at the frontline of health services are subjected to abuse from family members of patients. These nurses are unavoidably exposed to these dangers because they are exposed to patients who have issues related to substance abuse, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, mental health problems, and other social issues. In effect, the patient’s health issues and unfavorable conditions when they face nurses create dangerous scenarios for nurses.

Identity Thesis Essay Example for Free

Identity Thesis Essay Over the course of history, different theories have been formulated to help explain the complex relationship between the mind and the body. One of the theories elucidating the mind-body relation is dualism—the view that mental states are independent from physical states. Mental states are ones of thinking, feeling, and believing whereas physical states are those outlined by physical and biological sciences. In contrast to dualism, physicalism insists that mental states are somehow physical states. The most straightforward version of physicalism is the identity thesis—the theory that every type of mental state is identical to some type of physical state (Reasons and Responsibility, 285-286). Dualists and physicalists have disputed over the validity of the identity thesis; dualists denying its claim and physicalists defending it. The biggest problem facing physicalists and the identity thesis is the concept of qualia, the phenomenal quality of a mental state (Reasons and Responsibility, 281). Philosopher Frank Jackson offers what he calls the â€Å"Knowledge Argument† for qualia. Jackson’s knowledge argument presents that nonphysical facts can be devised from facts about phenomenal quality. Through the concept of qualia, Jackson’s knowledge argument shows that the identity thesis is false. The identity thesis holds that mental events are simply identical with brain processes—identical in the same manner that sounds are identical with density waves in the air. The thesis bases on the idea that mental states of thought, sensation, and awareness are alike those of physical states (such as those of the brain and central nervous system). An example of identity thesis is that lightning and an electric charge are two of the same thing. In other words, lightning is an electric charge. An advocate of the identity thesis is materialist Peter Carruthers. Carruthers argues that everything (including mental states) exists through physical causes. Carruthers’ argument for the identity thesis can be summarized from the beliefs that some conscious states and events are casually necessary for the occurrence of some physical ones, and that there will be no need to advert to anything other than physical-physical causality in a completed neuro-physiological science. Thus, some conscious states and events are identical with physical brain states and events (Reason and Responsibility, 301-302). However, the concept of qualia refutes the idea of physicalism, and is the foundation of Jackson’s knowledge argument against identity thesis. As a believer of dualism, Jackson uses the concept of qualia to support that the mind and matter are distinct and independent substances capable of existing without the other. Qualia are the subjective, felt qualities of experiences. For example, one may know all the physical properties of the color red and the physics behind why some things are red; however it is qualia that allows one to experience what it is like to actually see red. Jackson constructs his knowledge argument around the ideas of dualism and qualia. To further illustrate Jackson’s argument for qualia (and dualism), the case of Fred and his unique color vision will be presented (Reasons and Responsibility, 298-299). For some reason, Fred has the ability to see two colors where others only see one. His retina is capable of distinguishing between two wavelengths of red in which others familiarizes with only one. He tries to explain the difference between the two reds. However he fails in doing so because others do not comprehend the difference. Therefore it is concluded that Fred can visually see one more color than everyone else. Despite having all the physical information about Fred and his special trait, one cannot know what it actually feels like to see two different types of red. Thus, Jackson believes that the physicalist left something out in the theory of physicalism—the qualia or what it feels like to actually experience something. Consequently, quale explains how dualism is valid and physicalism is incomplete. The existence of knowledge through qualia (mental state) and that of physical facts (physical state) demonstrates the idea of dualism—the view that two fundamental concepts exist. Jackson’s knowledge argument derives mainly from his thought experiment of Mary; the brilliant scientist who has spent her life confined within a black-and-white room and has never seen colors. Mary learns all the physical facts relevant to the mind. She becomes an expert on the neurophysiology of vision and knows all there is to know about color. When Mary is released from her room, she experiences color for the first time. One would think intuitively that her color experiences provide her with knowledge she previously lacked, and that what she learns includes certain facts about what color experiences are like. The facts she learns upon her release cannot be physical facts because she already knew all physical facts before leaving the room. Therefore, the new knowledge comes from the concept of qualia, which indicates that not all facts are physical facts (Reason and Responsibility, 298-299). Thus physicalism is false. Jackson reaches his conclusion that the identity thesis is false by proving that mental states are not physical states. According to the identity thesis, states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. The concept of qualia refutes the validity of the identity thesis by presenting subjective forms of experiences. The knowledge acquired from subjective forms of experiences differs from those of physical knowledge about experiences. Since physicalism requires that all aspects of knowledge are the same, physicalism cannot be sound. Thus the identity thesis must be false. The cases of Fred and Mary show that physicalism doesn’t amount to all knowledge. The summation of Jackson’s knowledge argument can be illustrated by the following: before Mary leaves the room, she knows all the physical facts about color experiences. When Mary leaves the room, she learns new facts about color experiences—facts about what it’s like to see in color. Therefore, there are nonphysical facts about color experiences. Furthermore, the identity thesis is false because Jackson’s knowledge argument reveals that there is something about the experience of color (in Mary’s case) that cannot be captured by the physicalist view. So, physicalism is incomplete. Physicalism lacks the phenomenal quality of the mental state—the ability to experience something regardless of physical knowledge. Qualia and the mental experience can never be achieved from the premises of physicalism and the identity thesis. Thus, the phenomenal quality of experiences cannot be accounted for through physical properties of the brain. In conclusion, the identity thesis is false because nonphysical properties, like phenomenal properties, exist.

A summary of criminological theories

A summary of criminological theories Criminology Matrix Demographic Information Social Disorganization Theory Beginning on the 20th Century 1920-1930’s. Created by theorists Robert Park, Ernest Burgess, W.I. Thomas, Florian Znaniecki, Clifford Shaw, and Henry McKay. Social disorganization shows social change, conflict, and the lack of social consensus as the root causes of crime and deviance. Social disorganization, Chicago school of criminology, Chicago Area Project, demographics, concentric zones, delinquency areas, and cultural transmission (Schmalleger, 2008). Strain Theory Began on the 20th century 1930’s to present. Created by Robert K. Merton, Steven F. Messner, Richard Rosenfeld, Peter Blau, Judith Blau, and Robert Agnew. The concept of strain theory is innovation, ritualism, rebellion, differential opportunity, relative deprivation, and distributive justice. Strain theory agues that a socially approved success of goals and a lack of appropriate ways to achieve those goals. As a consequence, according to the perspective of strain theory, individuals who are unable to succeed often turn to other ways that promise social recognition and success (Schmalleger, 2008). Culture Conflict Culture conflict began on the 1920’s to present. Created by theorists Thorsten Sellin, Frederic M. Thrasher, William F. Whyte, Walter Miller, Gresham Sykes, David Matza, Franco Ferracuti, Marvin Wolfgang, Richard A. Cloward, Lloyd E. Ohlin, and Albert Cohen. The concept of culture conflict is subcultures, socialization, delinquency and, illegal opportunities (Schmalleger, 2008). Learning Theory Learning theory began in 1930’s and to the present. Created by Edwin Sutherland, Robert Burgess, Ronald L. Akers, and Daniel Glaser. Actions are learned, and crime is like another action that is also learned. People tend to learn how to commit crime from others, and such learning comes from the achievements of norms, values, and patterns of behaviors that are conductive to crime. The standpoint of the theory’s concept is that communication and social achievement of learned criminal behavior that values that behavior is detrimental (Schmalleger, 2008). Social Control Theory Social control theory began on the 1950’s to present. Created by Walter C. Reckless, Howard B. Kaplan, Travis Hirschi, Michael Gottfredson, Charles R. Tittle, and others. The concept of social control theory is the inner and outer takeover, of self-derogation, social bond, and control balanced. Social control theory predicts that when a social restriction or antisocial behavior are weakened delinquent behavior begins. This theory questions law abiding citizens rather than criminals (Schmalleger, 2008). Labeling Theory Labeling theory began on 1938-1970, 1960’s-1980, 1990’s to revival. Created by Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin M. Lemert, Howard Becker, John Braithwaite, and others. The concept of labeling theory begins with tagging, labeling, outsiders, moral initiative, primary and secondary deviance, and shaming. Labeling theory is the concept that negative labels within a society lead individuals to commit crime (Schmalleger, 2008). Rational Choice Theory Rational choice theory began in the late 18th century. Created by Cesare Beccaria. The concept of rational choice theory is that criminals make a rational, and informed choice to commit a crime. This makes criminals making the decision, based on, if the crime is worth committing based on the benefits that outweigh the cost or punishment. The XYY â€Å"Supermale† The XYY theory began in 1965. Created by Patricia A. Jacobs. Patricia Jacobs examined 197 Scottish prisoners for chromosomal abnormalities with a simple blood test. The supermale, also known as XYY syndrome has little evidence that men with this syndrome commit crimes of greater violence than other man. However, they may commit more crimes (Schmalleger, 2008). Behavior Genetics Behavior genetics theory began in 1907. Created by Sir Francis Galton. Sir Francis study heredity and the possible influences on human behavior. According to the theory it is easy to show that some criminals inherit criminal nature. Behavioral genetics is â€Å"the study of genes and the environmental contributions to individual deviation in human behavior† Galton might have believe that heredity was related to criminal behavior however, he had no opportunity to explore the relationship in profundity (Schmalleger, 2008). Sociobiology Sociobiology began in 1975. Created by Edward O. Wilson. It is the study of biology and its impact on social behavior taking some of its research from evolution and applying it to modern population (Schmalleger, 2008). Certain forms of behavior contribute to the survival of a social group. Human behavior was the link of survival from one generation to another one. Territoriality explains the conflict between humans, this includes homicide, warfare, and other types of aggression. Pherenology Pherenology began in early 19th century. Created by Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). This theory explained that the shape of the human skull was an indicative of the personality and could be used to predict criminality. The theory has four tenets the brain, personality, character, and skull shape (Schmalleger, 2008). Early Positivism Early positivism began in 1880’s – 1930. Created by Franz Joseph Gall, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim, Cesare Lombroso, Charkes Buckman Goring, and Earnest A. Hooton. The concept of early positivism is the phrenology, atavism, born criminals, and criminaloids. Criminality was the result of instincts that humans used to survive the evolutionary process. Lombroso has been called the father of criminology because he was the first criminologist to apply the scientific method. Empirical Foundation Social Disorganization Theory Four distinct conclusions resulted from Shaw and McKay’s research. The juveniles’ rates were consistent with an order three-dimensional pattern. There was an identical three-dimensional pattern revealed by several social problems. The three-dimensional pattern of juvenile rates showed long-term stability even though the structure in the city areas had changed. The city areas were becoming more delinquent this occurred through a network or interpersonal relation with family, gangs, and neighbors (Shaw, 1969). Strain Theory Merton said that all people have high economic ambitions and that social classes are linked to crime. Merton said that when individuals had high goals with income and education coupled with low chances of achieving the goals is strain theory (Liska, 1971). Studies with educational goals as measurements were unconvincing and suggested that income was a better component to use. Different studies used goals over expectation and reported any criminal connection which found hardly any support for Merton’s theory (Epps, 1967). Culture Conflict Thorsten Sellin observed that in a society were two cultures inevitably clash and it occurs because of the development of a combined culture. One of the outcomes of culture conflict is criminal behavior. This leads to the creation of criminals defining the surrounding everyday behavior of the individual. Sellin indicated that a diversified and more assorted society the bigger it gets and the more conflict occurs creating an increase in deviance (Claasical Criminology, 2002). Learning Theory Sutherland’s Learning Theory was based on observation. The studies concluded that criminal behavior is learned. Not only it is learned but criminal behavior is learned within intimate groups. It also shows that differential associations vary in frequency, duration priority, and intensity (Boundless, 2014). Social Control Theory Walter C. Reckless, observes that social pressure to follow community ideals, usually imposed by social isolation, was sufficient to control behavior. As society becomes complex, authority played a significant role in deciding whether people followed public laws. The research has found that economic class has little to do with predicting delinquent behavior, and that young people who do not connect or have attachment to parents or school are more likely to become juveniles (Criminology, n.d.). Labeling Theory In 2003, Jon Gunnar Bernburg and Marvin D. Krohn studied the impact of negative official intervention on young men in Rochester, New York. Data available was on men from the time they were 13.5 years old until they were 22. In keeping with what labeling theory would predict, Bemburg and Krohn found that intervention during adolescence led to increased delinquency in early adulthood because it reduced chances for achievement and successful employment. Negative labels come with harsh liabilities, as well as the consequence that the person starts to believe the label that has been given to him. (Schmalleger, 2008). Rational Choice Theory The research involving rational choice cannot be measured with regular crime statistics. It can only be applied through individual research because the theory is too specific to individuals (Schmalleger, 2008). XYY Theory Britished researcher examined 197 Scottish prisoners for deviations from regular chromosomes through a simple blood test known as â€Å"karyotyping† 12 members displayed a deviation of chromosomes that were unusual, and seven were found to have an XYY chromosome (Schmalleger, 2008). Behavior Genetics Twin researchers assumed that individuals choose partners that have an opposing personality. Equal environments, twin research also assumed that twins raised in similar environment share similar experiences. Genetic traits can be inherited through different genetic mechanisms involving a gene inherited from one parent and different gene from the other parents (Winerman, 2004). Sociobiology Edward O. Wilson research sociobiology by examining the genetic and how through affected human behavior and applied them through criminology theory. Research on what genetics are passed on and how they affect human behavior. Theoretical Components Social Disorganization Social disorganization theory comes from Chicago school of sociology. Social Disorganization is caused when a community does not solve the problems of its people which results in the breakdown of institutions within that community (Short, 1976). The theory states that delinquent behavior was not a result of the individual but it was a normal response of people adapting to less than favorable social conditions (Short, 1976). Strain Theory Merton came up with a sociological theory that explained how deviant behavior illustrated the conflicts between culturally defined goals and the official way of getting them (Boundless, 2015). Culture Conflict Suggest that human behavior is social, that results from conflicts between competing groups. Conflict theory originated with work of Karl Marx. Marx understood that human society in terms of conflict between social classes, markedly the conflict in capitalist societies between those who owed the means of economic production and those who didn’t. (Chegg, 2015). This is a sociological theory. Learning Theory Social learning theory, looks at the individual learning process, the formation of self and the influence of society in socializing. Learning theory is the formation of one’s identity to become responsive to a learned response to social stimulation. People engage in crime because of the association with others that also engage in crime. Criminal behavior is learned beliefs that are favorable to crime (Crossman, 2015). This is a sociological theory. Control Theory Control theorists generally argue that there are no problems to explain why people who commit crime because all human beings suffer from human weaknesses which makes it impossible to resist temptation. This is a sociological theory. Labeling Theory When someone has been labelled as a criminal or deviant, the label attached becomes the individual. Each label carries prejudices and images and this leads to others interpreting the behavior of the labeled person in a particular way. While the behavior would be seen as stereotypical to some, others would conclude that it is a self-fulfilling prophecy resulting from being labelled (History Learning, 2000-2015). This is a sociological Theory. Rational Choice This theory sees man as a reasoning actor that weights means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choices. Including the choice to engage in criminal activity, criminal activity is based on determined decisions that the potential benefits outweighs the risks taken by the individual. This is a psychological theory. XYY â€Å"supermale† XYY males are more likely to engage in criminal behavior but not violent behavior. XYY men were convicted of crimes are more likely to be guilty of property offenses and less likely than convicted XY men. XYY males were born criminals, XYY males according to the theory were more likely to commit violent crimes. This is a biological Theory Behavior Genetics Behavior genetics is the field in which a difference among individuals is separated into genetic against environmental. Environmental influences can be divided into two classes, shared and nonshared environments. Shared is the environment that is mutual by siblings such as socioeconomic statues and parental education, and nonshare is the environment that is unique to a person/individual. (SAPA, 1998). Early positivism. Early Positivism is a social and psychological theory that commits to practical application. It claims that determining criminal behavior and its cause comes from the physical, genetic, and psychological makeup that makes people predisposed to behave criminally (Marshall, 2015). References Boundless. (2014, November 14). Differential Association. Retrieved from Boundless Sociology: https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/deviance-social-control-and-crime-7/the-symbolic-interactionalist-perspective-on-deviance-64/differential-association-theory-381-8939 Boundless. (2015). Strain Theory. Retrieved from Boundless: https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/deviance-social-control-and-crime-7/the-functionalist-perspective-on-deviance-62/strain-theory-how-social-values-produce-deviance-375-6183/ Chegg. (2015). Denition of Conflict. Retrieved from Chegg: http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/conflict-theory-49 Claasical Criminology. (2002, Novemeber 18). Thorsten Sellin. Retrieved from Culture Conflict Theory: http://www.people.okanagan.bc.ca/wvdveen/WILMA WEBPAGE/classical_crim_theory/sellin.htm Criminology. (n.d.). Control Theory. Retrieved from Sociology Criminology: https://sociologycriminology.wordpress.com/control-theory/ Crossman, A. (2015). Learning Theory. Retrieved from About education: http://sociology.about.com/od/Sociological-Theory/a/Social-Learning-Theory.htm History Learning. (2000-2015). Labelling Theory. Retrieved from history Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/labelling_theory.htm Liska, A. (1971). Aspirations and Expectations. Sociological Quarterly, 12: 99-107. Marshall, G. (2015, April 28). Criminology, Positivist. Retrieved from A Dictionary of Sociology: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-criminologypositivist.html SAPA. (1998, May). Bahvior Genetics. Retrieved from Personality Research: http://www.personalityresearch.org/bg.html Schmalleger. (2008). Criminology Today Fifth Edition. Columbus, Ohio: Frank Schmalleger. Short, J. F. (1976). Delinquency, Crime, and Soceity. Chicago:. University of Chicago Press. Winerman, L. (2004, April). A second Look at Twin Studies. Retrieved from American Psychological Association: http://www.apa.org/monitor/apr04/second.aspx